Replacement of Contentious Inputs in Organic Farming Systems (RELACS) – a comprehensive Horizon 2020 project

Organic farmers adhere to high standards in producing quality food while protecting the environment. However, organic farming needs to improve continuously to keep meeting its ambitious objectives. The project ‘Replacement of Contentious Inputs in Organic Farming Systems’ (RELACS) will foster the development and adoption of cost-efficient and environmentally safe tools and technologies to further reduce the use of external inputs on organic farms across Europe as well as in Non EU Mediterranean countries. Project partners will provide scientific support to develop fair and implementable EU rules to improve current practices in organic farming. Farm advisory networks in 11 European countries will reach out to farmers to ensure effective dissemination and adoption of the tools and techniques

Current use of contentious inputs in European organic animal production

Contentious inputs are used by organic farmers to maintain production sustainability and high standards in animal health and welfare. Their implementation has detrimental impact on the environment and present a risk for the development of the organic sector. Information regarding the application of contentious inputs is not available at the European scale and it is a prerequisite to devise and implement roadmaps to phase them out. This work aimed to determine the extent to which antibiotics, anthelmintics and synthetic vitamins are currently used in organic livestock and to highlight differences in their controlled use. A multi-dimensional approach, incorporating: (1) literature reviews; (2) Europe-wide surveys or interviews of organic experts; (3) analysis of publicly available research data; and (4) national and international authorities (veterinary and agricultural organisations) was followed to quantify the current use and need of contentious inputs in European organic animal production. Overall, there was considerable variation in the use of anthelmintics and antibiotics reflecting country-specific differences in the level of pathogen threat and control. Estimates suggest that overall anthelmintic treatments do not exceed one treatment per animal per year in organic farms, although exceptions were noted. Extrapolated calculations indicate that on average 0.7 antibiotic treatments per animal per year are input in organic livestock systems. Dosages of synthetic vitamins are highly standardized, and decisions are made in the premix producing industry rather than on the farms. With few exceptions there are no differences between conventional and organic practice regarding dosage. Research-based background for organic-specific recommendations is therefore needed. The results provide the first benchmark on patterns of contentious input uses in organic livestock farming across Europe. Funded by EU H2020 No 773431 – RELACS

La gestion de la reproduction en élevages ovins et caprins, conventionnels et biologiques : état des lieux, intérêt et acceptabilité de nouveaux outils dans six bassins de production en France

A major concern for small ruminant productions is to control the seasonality of reproduction. The current socio-economic context incites both to develop alternatives to hormonal treatment for the induction and synchronization of oestrus for conventional farms and to propose new perspectives for organic farms. We established the current state of reproduction management practices implemented in the six French main production areas from surveys of 97 farm stakeholders and 298 sheep and goat breeders under both conventional and organic farming. We then evaluated the acceptability of the actors for two innovative tools related to reproduction management on farms: the use of pheromones involved in the male effect (an alternative to hormonal treatment for induction and synchronization of ewe oestrus) and the automated electronic oestrus detection (to optimize the mating moment for AI or natural service). The light-based treatments, the use of melatonin and long lactations which induce out-of-season breeding are only met on goat farms. Flushing is mainly performed on sheep farms. PDO specifications do not allow the use of hormonal treatment and melatonin, which are consequently solely used under conventional farming. By contrast, the male effect is mentioned for goat and sheep farms. Estrus detection is performed only on dairy flocks for goats and ewes. Lastly, flushing is mainly used on ewe farms. Breeders and stakeholders are interested by the use of pheromones for the induction and the synchronization of oestrus. However, a question has arisen on the compatibility of this tool with the specifications of organic farms. The picture is more mixed for automated detection devices. Their ability to facilitate the work organization and the artificial insemination process is highlighted by breeders. The latter are nevertheless worried about the inconsistency of the tool with their current flock management on pasture. Although some breeders are ready to use the two tools, they are therefore waiting for the results on effectiveness / cost / ease of use before buying them.La maîtrise de la saisonnalité de la reproduction est un enjeu pour les filières ovines et caprines. Dans le contexte socio-économique actuel, l’essor de pratiques alternatives aux traitements hormonaux d’induction et de synchronisation des chaleurs et des ovulations est nécessaire en Agriculture Conventionnelle (AC) et de nouvelles perspectives d’évolution sont attendues en Agriculture Biologique (AB). À partir d’enquêtes réalisées auprès de 97 intervenants en élevage et 298 éleveurs ovins et caprins en AB et en AC, nous avons dressé un état des lieux des pratiques de gestion de la reproduction mises en œuvre dans les principaux bassins de production en France. Puis, nous avons évalué l’acceptabilité des acteurs vis-à-vis de deux outils innovants associés à la gestion de la reproduction : l’utilisation de phéromones impliquées dans l’effet mâle (comme alternative aux traitements hormonaux pour l’induction et la synchronisation des ovulations et des chaleurs) et la détection automatisée des chaleurs (pour optimiser la mise à la reproduction par IA ou pour la lutte en main). D’après les enquêtes, les pratiques de dessaisonnement de la reproduction impliquant les traitements lumineux, le recours à la mélatonine et les lactations longues sont quasi exclusivement mises en œuvre par les producteurs caprins. Les traitements hormonaux pour l’induction et la synchronisation des chaleurs et la mélatonine sont interdits par le cahier des charges en AB et donc exclusivement utilisés en AC. Au contraire, l’effet mâle est pratiqué dans l’ensemble des filières. La détection des chaleurs n’est mise en œuvre que par les éleveurs caprins et ovins laitiers. Enfin, le flushing est surtout pratiqué en filière ovine. L’utilisation potentielle des phéromones pour induire et synchroniser les chaleurs intéresse à la fois les intervenants et les éleveurs. En AB, cette technique soulève cependant des questions quant au respect du cahier des charges. L’accueil réservé aux détecteurs automatisés de chaleurs est plus mitigé. Si leur intérêt pour l’organisation du travail et la facilitation des IA a été exprimé par les éleveurs, ces derniers ont soulevé une inquiétude quant à l’inadéquation par rapport aux conduites d’élevage au pâturage a été soulevée. Si certains éleveurs sont prêts à acquérir les deux types de dispositifs, ils sont en attente des résultats concernant l’efficacité, le coût et la praticité des outils avant d’envisager de s’équiper

Nouveaux outils pour réduire le recours aux hormones pour la gestion de la reproduction en élevage ovin et caprin : avis des éleveurs et des conseillers

National audienceEn race ovine, l’Insémination Artificielle (IA) est généralement réalisée après traitement hormonal d’induction et de synchronisation des ovulations, et les brebis sont inséminées 55 h ± 1 h après le retrait de l’éponge vaginale (contenant un progestagène) en semence fraiche (Fatet et al., 2008). Une baisse de fertilité à l’IA a été observée en race Rouge de l’Ouest, ce qui a conduit les éleveurs et l’Organisme de Sélection GEODE à chercher des pistes d’amélioration. Or certains centres d’IA se sont interrogés sur l’effet du moment d’IA après retrait de l’éponge sur la fertilité : par exemple en races Lacaune viande et Blanche du Massif Central (Fréret et al., 2009) ou en race Corse (Aragni et al., 2014). Dans une étude préliminaire menée en race Rouge de l’Ouest, notre objectif a été de tester l’effet d’un allongement de 4 ou 8 h du délai d’IA moyen (par rapport au délai préconisé) sur le taux de réussite à l’IA

Socioeconomic Disparities in the Use of Home Health Services in a Medicare Managed Care Population

OBJECTIVE: To investigate socioeconomic disparities in access to home health visits and durable medical equipment by persons enrolled in two Medicare managed care health plans. DATA SOURCES: A telephone survey of 4,613 Medicare managed care enrollees conducted between April and October of 2000 and linked to administrative claims for a subsequent 12-month period. STUDY DESIGN: We estimated a series of logistic regression models to determine which socioeconomic factors were related to home health visits and the use of durable medical equipment (DME) among Medicare managed care enrollees. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Controlling for health and demographic differences, Medicare managed care enrollees in the lowest tertile for nonhousing assets had 50 percent greater odds than those in the highest tertile of having one or more home health visits. All else equal, enrollees with less than a high school education had 30 percent lower odds than those who had graduated from high school of using durable medical equipment. CONCLUSIONS: Medicare managed care enrollees of low socioeconomic status do not appear to have reduced access to home health visits; however, use of durable medical equipment is considerably lower for enrollees with less than a high school education. Physicians and therapists working with Medicare managed care enrollees may want to actively target DME prescriptions to those with educational disadvantages