Zoneamento de riscos climáticos para a cultura do amendoim no Estado do Ceará.

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Reservoir stress path and induced seismic anisotropy: Results from linking coupled fluid-flow/geomechanical simulation with seismic modelling

We present a workflow linking coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical simulation with seismic modelling to predict seismic anisotropy induced by nonhydrostatic stress changes. We generate seismic models from coupled simulations to examine the relationship between reservoir geometry, stress path and seismic anisotropy. The results indicate that geometry influences the evolution of stress, which leads to stress-induced seismic anisotropy. Although stress anisotropy is high for the small reservoir, the effect of stress arching and the ability of the side-burden to support the excess load limit the overall change in effective stress and hence seismic anisotropy. For the extensive reservoir, stress anisotropy and induced seismic anisotropy are high. The extensive and elongate reservoirs experience significant compaction, where the inefficiency of the developed stress arching in the side-burden cannot support the excess load. The elongate reservoir displays significant stress asymmetry, with seismic anisotropy developing predominantly along the long-edge of the reservoir. We show that the link between stress path parameters and seismic anisotropy is complex, where the anisotropic symmetry is controlled not only by model geometry but also the nonlinear rock physics model used. Nevertheless, a workflow has been developed to model seismic anisotropy induced by non-hydrostatic stress changes, allowing field observations of anisotropy to be linked with geomechanical models

RAPD markers utilization on the formation or maintenance of conservation nuclei of livestock species.

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Zoneamento de riscos climáticos para a cultura do gergelim no Estado do Ceará.

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Current trends in leather science

Abstract In preparing the second edition of ‘Tanning Chemistry. The Science of Leather.’, the literature was updated and the content was revised and reviewed. Here, the new findings are presented and discussed. Notable developments include the necessary rethinking of the mechanism of sulfide unhairing because of new understanding of the aqueous chemistry of sulfide species. Revision upwards of the value of the second pKa for sulfide species ionisation means that S2− cannot exist in an aqueous medium, so the unhairing species in hair burn reactions is HS−. Although the technology remains the same, this means the mechanisms of associated reactions such as immunisation must be revised. Rawstock preservation has benefitted from studies of the potential role of materials from plants which accumulate salt, but which also contribute terpene compounds. There is also further discussion on the continuing issue of chromium (VI) in the leather industry. The application to processing of new solvents, ionic liquids and deep eutectics, is the coming technology, which offers transforming options for new chemistries and products. Renewed interest in vegetable tanning and methods of wet white processing are current trends. Also, within the topic of reagent delivery is processing in a solid medium of plastic beads. Graphical abstrac

Intra-tidal variation of stratification in a semi-arid estuary under the impact of flow regulation

The Jaguaribe River is the largest semi-arid Brazilian river and represents an important water source for the state of Ceará. The Castanhão Weir, built to regulate the flow of the Jaguaribe, began operating successfully in the 1990s. As a result, the hydrodynamic regime of the estuary has undergone alteration and is no longer subject to the former annual climatological variability of the dry and rainy seasons. This paper introduces an assessment of the changes in the hydrological conditions resulting from the construction of the weir and investigates the structure of the density stratification in the estuary. A field experiment was conducted at the end of the dry season in November 2009, during which salinity and temperature were monitored at different levels for three tidal cycles. The temporal variations in salinity and temperature during the tidal cycles were 16 psu and 1.5°C, respectively. The salinity exhibited a vertical variation of four units, while the temperature variation was much lower. Several stratification indicators were calculated from the observed density: the stratification coefficient, the Brunt-Väisälä frequency and the potential energy anomaly. The results showed that the parameters behave similarly, differences being observed only in their relative magnitudes. The vertical structure of the estuary exhibited marked stratification during the ebb tide but vertical homogeneity during both flood and high tide. With the regularized flow existing under present conditions, the estuary exhibits hyposaline and a partially mixed structure for the period studied, despite the typical expectation of a hypersaline and well-mixed vertical structure.O rio Jaguaribe é o maior rio do semi-árido brasileiro, constituindo uma importante fonte de água para o estado do Ceará. Na década de 1990 entrou em operação o Açude do Castanhão com o objetivo de regularizar a vazão do rio Jaguaribe, o qual obteve grande sucesso. Como consequência foi alterado o regime hidrodinâmico do estuário, o qual atualmente não está mais sujeito a variabilidade climatológica anual de estações seca e chuvosa. O presente trabalho apresenta uma avaliação da mudança do regime hidrológico antes e após a construção do açude, e investiga a estrutura de estratificação da densidade nos estuários. Foi realizado um experimento de campo em novembro de 2009, no fim da estação seca, quando a salinidade e temperatura da água foram monitorados em diferentes níveis durante três ciclos de maré. A variação temporal da salinidade e temperatura durante os ciclos de maré foram de 16 psu e 1,5ºC, respectivamente. A salinidade chegou a apresentar variação vertical de 4 unidades, enquanto que a variação da temperatura foi bem inferior. Foram calculados parâmetros indicadores da estratificação a partir da densidade: coeficiente de estratificação; frequência de Brunt-Väisälä; e a anomalia da energia potencial. Os resultados mostraram que os parâmetros comportam-se da mesma maneira, apenas com diferença da magnitude relativa de seus valores. A estrutura vertical do estuário apresentou estratificação pronunciada durante a fase de vazante da maré, e verticalmente homogênea na fase de enchente da maré e durante a preamar. Dada as condições presentes, com vazão regularizada, o estuário apresenta padrão de estratificação parcialmente misturado e hiposalino, quando seria esperado uma condição bem misturada e hipersalina para o período estudado