65 research outputs found
Metabolomic and high-throughput sequencing analysis—modern approach for the assessment of biodeterioration of materials from historic buildings
Preservation of cultural heritage is of paramount importance worldwide. Microbial colonization of construction materials, such as wood, brick, mortar and stone in historic buildings can lead to severe deterioration. The aim of the present study was to give modern insight into the phylogenetic diversity and activated metabolic pathways of microbial communities colonized historic objects located in the former Auschwitz II-Birkenau concentration and extermination camp in Oświęcim, Poland. For this purpose we combined molecular, microscopic and chemical methods. Selected specimens were examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), metabolomic analysis and high-throughput Illumina sequencing. FESEM imaging revealed the presence of complex microbial communities comprising diatoms, fungi and bacteria, mainly cyanobacteria and actinobacteria, on sample surfaces. Microbial diversity of brick specimens appeared higher than that of the wood and was dominated by algae and cyanobacteria, while wood was mainly colonized by fungi. DNA sequences documented the presence of 15 bacterial phyla representing 99 genera including Halomonas, Halorhodospira, Salinisphaera, Salinibacterium, Rubrobacter, Streptomyces, Arthrobacter and 9 fungal classes represented by 113 genera including Cladosporium, Acremonium, Alternaria, Engyodontium, Penicillium, Rhizopus and Aureobasidium. Most of the identified sequences were characteristic of organisms implicated in deterioration of wood and brick. Metabolomic data indicated the activation of numerous metabolic pathways, including those regulating the production of primary and secondary metabolites, for example, metabolites associated with the production of antibiotics, organic acids and deterioration of organic compounds. The study demonstrated that a combination of electron microscopy imaging with metabolomic and genomic techniques allows to link the phylogenetic information and metabolic profiles of microbial communities and to shed new light on biodeterioration processes
Geomicrobiology of the built environment
Microbial colonization and growth can have significant effects in the built environment, resulting in a range of effects from discolouration and staining to biodeterioration and decay. In some cases, formation of biofilms, crusts and patinas may confer bioprotection of the substrate. This perspective aims to discuss how geomicrobial transformations in the natural environment - particularly involving rocks, minerals, metals and organic matter - may be applied to understand similar processes occurring on fabricated human structures. However, the built environment may offer further strictures as well as benefits for microbial activity and these should be taken into consideration when considering analogy with natural processes, especially when linking observations of microbial biodiversity to the more obvious manifestations of microbial attack
Isolamento e seleção de fungos produtores de lipases com base na atividade lipásica e no potencial hidrolítico sobre óleo comestível de soja e escuma de caixa de gordura
Rapid continuous microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticles to achieve very high productivity and full yield: from mechanistic study to optimal fabrication strategy
Systematic studies of silver nanoparticle synthesis in a continuous-flow single-mode microwave reactor using polyol process were performed, revealing that the synthesis is exceptionally effective to give very small metal particles at full reaction yield and very high productivity. Inlet concentration of silver nitrate or silver acetate, applied as metal precursors, varied between 10 and 50 mM, and flow rates ranged from 0.635 to 2.5 dm3/h, to give 3–24 s reaction time. Owing to its much higher reactivity, silver acetate was shown to be far superior substrate for the synthesis of small (10–20 nm) spherical silver nanoparticles within a few seconds. Its restricted solubility in ethylene glycol, applied as the solvent and reducing agent, appeared to be vital for effective separation of the stage of particle growth from its nucleation to enable rapid synthesis of small particles in a highly loaded system. This was not possible to obtain using silver nitrate. All the observations could perfectly be explained by a classical LaMer–Dinegar model of NPs’ formation, but taking into account also nonisothermal character of the continuous-flow process and acetate dissolution in the reaction system. The performed studies indicate an optimal strategy for the high-yield fabrication of metal particles using polyol method
Assessment of value of mould contamination of building materials in the definited microclimate condition
Artykuł przedstawia badania wpływu określonych warunków mikroklimatycznych na
stopień zapleśnienia betonu komórkowego, płyty kartonowo-gipsowej, płyty kartonowo-gipsowej
pokrytej farbą emulsyjną. Badano 2 warianty zmian mikroklimatycznych mających często miejsce
w praktyce tj. przeniesienie materiałów budowlanych porażonych pleśniami z warunków
wilgotnych do warunków suchych. W drugim wariancie przeniesiono materiały bez widocznych
objawów zapleśnienia do pomieszczeń nawilżanych i ogrzewanych. Stopień porażenia pleśniami
oceniany był metodą oznaczania zawartości ergosterolu. Stwierdzono, iż poziom porażenia
pleśniami jest zależny od warunków przechowywania materiałów budowlanych, od rodzaju
materiału (najwyższe zapleśnienie wykazywał beton komórkowy). Stwierdzono, iż naturalne
suszenie zapleśniałych materiałów budowlanych w pomieszczeniach podgrzewanych nie wpływa
hamująco na rozpoczęty wzrost pleśni. W przypadku zmiany mikroklimatu na bardziej wilgotny
następuje stymulacja wzrostu grzybni pleśni. Stwierdzono, iż metoda oznaczania ergosterolu
odzwierciedla faktyczny stan porażenia pleśniami materiału budowlanego i może być stosowana
w praktyce laboratoryjnej do oceny porażenia pleśniami tych materiałów.The paper presents the study of influence definite climate conditions on degree of mould
contamination of cellular concrete, gypsum-carton board and gypsum-carton board covered with
emulsion paint. Investigated 2 variants of microclimatic changes having often place in practice i.e.
carriage of moulds contaminated building materials from moist conditions to dry conditions. In
second variant materials without visible moulds growth transferred to rooms moistened and
heated. Degree of moulds contamination was estimated on the ground of ergosterol contents.
Ascertained, that level of moulds contamination depends on conditions of storage of
building materials, kind of materiał (highest contamination' s level showed cell u lar concrete ). Also
ascertained, that natura! desiccation of moulds contaminated building materials in rooms heated up
does not inhibit of commencement moulds growth. In chance of change of microclimate on more
moist follows stimulation of growth of fungal mycelium. Method of determination of ergosterol
shows factual state of moulds contamination of building materials and can be used in laboratory
practice to estimation moulds contamination of these materials
Ergosterol as an indicator of moulds growth speed on building materials
W pracy przedstawiono możliwość zastosowania ergosterolu do oszacowania dynamicznych
parametrów wzrostu pleśni na materiałach budowlanych. Oszacowano szybkości wzrostu,
szybkości zamierania oraz długości trwania fizjologicznych faz wzrostu pleśni. Zastosowanie
ergosterolu umożliwia porównanie ze sobą tempa wzrostu różnych gatunków grzybów na
materiałach budowlanych oraz wpływu różnych warunków hodowli np. wilgotności materiałów
budowlanych na fizjologię wzrostu pleśni. Prezentowane badania dotyczą porównania wzrostu 3
gatunków pleśni na 3 różnych materiałach budowlanych o różnym poziomie wilgotności masowej.The study presents possibility of application on ergosterol for estimation of dynamie parameters of
moulds growth on building materials. Speed of growth, speed of decays, as well as periods of
physiological moulds growth stages were estimated. Use of ergosterol makes possible the
comparison of growth rate and physiology of different moulds species growing building materials
as well as different condition of growth e.g. moisture of building materials. In presented
investigations growth of three moulds species on different buildings materials with different level
of mass moisture were comparised
Mathematical models of mycelium growth and ergosterol synthesis in stationary mould culture
The aplication of ergosterol determination method to measure of fungal contamination in air
Celem pracy była ocena skażenia grzybami pleśniowymi powietrza atmosferycznego oraz
powietrza w pomieszczeniach użytkowych, szpitalnych i przemysłu farmaceutycznego. Wykazano
wysoki poziom zanieczyszczenia powietrza atmosferycznego w Łodzi, również powietrza
w pomieszczeniach szkolnych na uczelni, pomieszczeniach mieszkalnych oraz powietrza
w gabinecie zabiegowym w szpitalu (powyżej 300 jtk/m³). W powietrzu zakładu farmaceutycznego
oraz w pozostałych pomieszczeniach w szpitalu zanotowano niską liczbę pleśni.
Poziom zanieczyszczenia pleśniami badano 3 metodami: sedymentacyjną Kocha,
zderzeniową oraz metodą oznaczania ergosterolu. Oznaczano korelację między wynikami
uzyskanymi z tych metod. Porównując metodę oznaczania ergosterolu oraz metodę zderzeniową
wykazano, iż ilość ergosterolu [μg/m³] jest proporcjonalna do ilości grzybów [jtk/m³] mierzonych
metodą zderzeniową. Zależność opisano funkcją wykładniczą. Ma to istotne znaczenie, ponieważ
ocenę skażenia mikrobiologicznego powietrza można wykonywać przy pomocy szybkiej, metody
chemicznej - oznaczania ergosterolu zamiast metodami hodowlanymi.Moulds contamination of air, indoor air in dwellings, air in hospital and pharmaceutical
industrial rooms was researched. Ascertained, high level of mould contamination of atmospheric
air in Lodz, indoor air in university rooms, in dwelling-house and out-patients department in
hospital (above 300 CFU/m³ of air). The lower number of moulds was noted in the pharmaceutical
industrial rooms and another rooms in hospital. The moulds contamination was estimated by three
methods: traditional Koch plate method, air sampler method and ergosterol measurement method.
Also the correlation between results obtained with these methods was estimated. Comparing
ergosterol measurement method and air sampler method, ascertained, that quantity of ergosterol
[μg/m³] is proportional to quantities of moulds [CFU/m³] measured by air sampler method. This
dependence described by an exponential equation. It has essential meaning, because estimation of
moulds contamination in the air can be execute by quicker chemical method measuring of
ergosterol content, instead of plate methods
Comparison of two methods of estimation of moulds contamination in herbs and spices
W pracy określono stan zanieczyszczenia grzybami strzępkowymi ziół i przypraw ziołowych
metodą hodowlaną oraz metodą oznaczania ergosterolu. Wykonano również diagnostykę pleśni.
Analiza stopnia zanieczyszczenia wskazała na wysoki poziom zagrzybienia. W metodzie
hodowlanej 76% analizowanych ziół i przypraw ziołowych wykazywało wysoki poziom
zapleśnienia, powyżej wartości 5x l 04 jtk/g, 16% prób wykazywało poziom średni od I 03 do 5x l 04
jtk/g, a tylko 8% niską zawartość pleśni. Najbardziej zanieczyszczony pleśniami był estragon,
kłącze tataraku, kwiatostan lipy, pieprz czarny, imbir, papryka. Stwierdzono, iż ergosterol może
być bardzo dobrym i szybkim wskaźnikiem zanieczyszczenia ziół pleśniami. Zawartość
ergosterolu w 48% prób była na poziomie wysokim, również w 48% prób stwierdzono poziom
ergosterolu kwalifikujący zioła i przyprawy jako zanieczyszczone na poziomie średnim, w 4%
prób stwierdzono niską zawartość ergosterolu. Porównując dwie omawiane metody stwierdzono,
iż istnieje zgodność metod w 76%. Stan zanieczyszczenia pleśniami ziół i przypraw ziołowych
budzi niepokój, nie tylko pod względem ilości, ale również rodzaju obecnej mikroflory.
Stwierdzono bowiem występowanie grzybów strzępkowych wytwarzających mykotoksyny:
Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium moniliforme
i Alternaria alternata.The study presented estimation of moulds contamination of herbs and spices by dilution plate
method and ergosterol method as well as identification of moulds had been done. Analysis of
moulds in herbs and spices showed high level contamination. On the basis of dilution plate
method, had been found out, that 76% of analysed herbs and herbs spices showed high moulds
Jevel, above value 5xI04 cfu/g , 16% of tested herbs and spices showed average level of
contamination, between 103 do 5xl04 cfu/g, and only 8% of herbs had low content of moulds.
Tarragon, rhizome sweet flag, inflorescence lindens, black pepper, ginger, paprika were most
contaminated. It was confirmed, that ergosterol could be the best and fast indicator of moulds
contamination in herbs and spices. In 48% of tested herbs was high level of ergosterol, in 48% of
tested herbs ergosterol content showed average level of contamination, in 4% of herbs had low
ergosterol content. It was confirmed, that agreement of comparing methods was in 76%.
Contamination of herbs and herbs spices is anxiety, not only under regard of quantity, but also
kind of present microflora. It was affirmed of occurrence of toxigenic moulds producing
mycotoxins: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium expansum, Fusarium
moniliforme and Alternaria alternata
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