Marketing and the Tragedy of the Commons: A Synthesis, Commentary, and Analysis for Action

The authors contend that solutions to the most pressing environmental challenges will result from understanding and solving social traps such as the commons dilemma. They propose a synthesis for analysis and action to suggest that marketing\u27s stakeholders can cooperate to contribute solutions and ultimately develop programs that help ameliorate the tragedy of the commons

The Paradoxical Relationship between Marketing and Vulnerability

Marketing both reduces and contributes to consumer vulnerability. In this essay, the authors explore this paradoxical relationship. Complexities and nuances captured in existing definitions are revisited. The authors then share a more expansive perspective; they offer a new typology with hopes of drawing attention to multifaceted and conflicting challenges so as to stimulate fresh thinking. Several points are raised so that policy makers and marketers might be inspired to invoke systemic solutions that increase the security and well-being of consumers who are subject to various vulnerabilities

Ebola Virus Localization in the Macaque Reproductive Tract during Acute Ebola Virus Disease.

Sexual transmission of Ebola virus (EBOV) has been demonstrated more than a year after recovery from the acute phase of Ebola virus disease (EVD). The mechanisms underlying EBOV persistence and sexual transmission are not currently understood. Using the acute macaque model of EVD, we hypothesized EBOV would infect the reproductive tissues and sought to localize the infection in these tissues using immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. In four female and eight male macaques that succumbed to EVD between 6 and 9 days after EBOV challenge, we demonstrate widespread EBOV infection of the interstitial tissues and endothelium in the ovary, uterus, testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, and prostate gland, with minimal associated tissue immune response or organ pathology. Given the widespread involvement of EBOV in the reproductive tracts of both male and female macaques, it is reasonable to surmise that our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sexual transmission of EVD and persistence of EBOV in immune-privileged sites would be facilitated by the development of a nonhuman primate model in which the macaques survived past the acute stage into convalescence

Analysis and Testing of the FBA-11 Force [Balance] Accelerometer

The FBA-11 is a feedback-controlled accelerometer widely used to measure and record accelerations arising from earthquakes. It has found application both for structural response and for ground motion studies. The design intent of the FBA-11 was to provide electronic control of the natural frequency, damping, and output voltage. Included in this paper are (1) a circuit analysis yielding the complete closed-loop transfer function, and (2) the corroborative test results from shake table evaluations. The transfer function can be used to correct recorded accelerations for instrument response

Erosive capacity of dry mouth treatments in the Nordic countries

Efst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinnTilgangur: Markmið þessarar rannsóknar var að mæla sýrustig efna sem notuð eru í meðhöndlun á munnþurrki á Norðurlöndunum og meta áhrif þeirra með tilliti til glerungseyðingar. Efniviður og aðferðir: Þrettán vörur á Norðurlandamarkaði sem notaðar eru við munnþurrki voru valdar fyrir rannsóknina og sýrustig þeirra mælt með pH mæli. Sítrónusafi var notaður sem jákvæð viðmiðunarlausn og kranavatn sem neikvæð viðmiðunarlausn. 14 krónuhlutar voru sagaðir í tvennt og vigtaðir. Hver krónuhluti var settur í 2mL lausn af efnunum sem sett var á veltigrind. Skipt var um lausnirnar á sólarhringsfresti og hver krónuhluti vigtaður eftir tvær vikur. Notast var við Spearmans fylgnistuðul til að meta samband sýrustigs og glerungseyðandi áhrifa lausnanna á þyngdarbreytingar á krónuhlutunum. Niðurstöður: Tvær vörur sýndu meiri glerungseyðandi áhrif en aðrar, GUM Hydral munnskol og úði, sem ollu 7.7% og 5.63% þyngdartapi. Af þeim 13 vörum sem rannsakaðar voru innihalda einungis GUM Hydral vörurnar sítrónusýru. HAp+ molarnir og Elmex sýndu litla glerungseyðingu miðað við lágt sýrustig en samspil innihaldsefnanna skipa þar stórt hlutverk. Sítrónusafinn mældist með sýrustig 2,3 og olli 64,86% þyngdartapi á tveim vikum á meðan kranavatn var með sýrustig 7,5 og olli engri eyðingu. Markverð neikvæð fylgni mældist milli sýrustigs og þyngdartaps (rs = −0.5456; p = 0.0289). Ályktanir: Flestar prófaðar vörur eru með öruggasta móti, með tveimur undantekningum (Gum Hydral munnskol og úði). Sjúklingar sem þjást af munnþurrki hafa skertar varnir gegn glerungseyðingu og tannátu. Því ætti hvorki að mæla með, né skrifa upp á, meðferð með efnum sem innihalda sítrónusýru.Introduction: The aim of this study was to measure pH values of moisturizers commonly used in the Nordic countries and medications used in dry mouth treatments and to evaluate their erosive capacity via gravimetric analysis. Materials and methods: A pH analysis was performed for 13 different available products on the market in the Nordic countries. Lemon juice and tap water were used as positive and negative controls. Crowns of 14 molars were sectioned with a low speed saw through the middle and thereafter each specimen was weighed. The specimens were submerged in 2 mL of each test product which was renewed every 24 hours for two weeks. After two weeks the specimens were rinsed, dried and weighed. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between the pH values and the erosive potential. Results: Two products from GUM Hydral caused the most weight loss, the mouthwash 7.7% and spray 5.6%. The products from GUM Hydral were the only ones containing citric acid of all tested products. HAp+ and Elmex showed low erosive potential despite having pH values 3.4 and 4 which can be explained by the complex interplay of their ingredients. The lemon juice showed a pH value of 2.3 and caused 64.86% weight loss while the tap water showed a pH value of 7.5 and caused no erosion. A significant negative correlation exists between the pH value and the erosive potential of products (rs = −0.5456; p = 0.0289). Conclusion: Most products are relatively safe with two exceptions (GUM Hydral mouthwash and spray). Since patients suffering from dry mouth are more susceptible to caries and erosion, products containing low pH values should not be recommended if possible

Erosive drinks on the Icelandic market

Neðst á síðunni er hægt að nálgast greinina í heild sinni með því að smella á hlekkinn View/OpenObjective: Dental erosion seems to be a growing health problem in Iceland. The international literature indicates that beverages such as carbonated drinks and fruit juices have considerable potential to causes tooth erosion. The aim of this study was to assess the erosive potential of drinks on the Icelandic market. Materials and method: This study measured, on three occasions: (1) pH before titration and (2) the volume of 1.0M sodium hydroxide required to raise the pH of 50 ml of the beverages to pH 5.5, pH 7.0 and pH 10.0. Results: The pH before titration ranged from pH 2.03-6.79 and the volume of 0.1M sodium hydroxide required to bring the beverages to pH 5.5 ranged from 0.54 to 5.92ml, pH 7.0 ranged from 0.42 to 7.73ml and pH 10.0 ranged from 2.23 to 9.10ml. This study showed that citrus fruit juices (grapefruit and orange juice) needed the most base to neutralize of the beverages tested. The milk-based beverages had an initial pH above 5.5 and are therefore non-erosive, with the exception of milk-derived lactic acid and drinks containing lactic acid aimed especially at the child market. Carbonated drinks, sport drinks and energy drinks were relatively easy to neutralize despite having a lower pH than fruit drinks. Conclusions: It is concluded that many soft drinks have considerable erosive potential and several of these are particularly targeted at the age groups found in other Icelandic studies to consume large amounts of soft drinks and to have tooth erosion.Tilgangur: Glerungseyðing virðist vaxandi vandamál á Íslandi. Alþjóðleg neysla gosdrykkja ásamt öðrum svaladrykkjum er talin vera einn helsti orsakaþáttur sjúkdómsins og neysla gosdrykkja fer vaxandi. Tilgangur rannsóknarinnar var að meta glerungseyðandi áhrif drykkja á íslenskum markaði. Efniviður og aðferðir: Hver drykkur var mældur í þrígang: (1) upphafssýrustig og (2) magn basa (1,0M NaOH) sem þurfti til að hlutleysa hvern drykk að pH 5,5, pH 7,0 og pH 10,0. Niðurstöður: Upphafssýrustig drykkjanna mældist lægst pH 2,03 en hæst 6,79. Magn basa (1,0M NaOH) í millilítrum til hlutleysingar að pH 5,5 spannaði: 0,54-5,92 ml, að pH 7,0: 0,42-7,73 ml og að pH 10,0: 2,23-9,10 ml. Drykkir með sítrónusýru (til dæmis greip- og appelsínusafar) þurftu mestan basa til hlutleysingar. Mjólkurdrykkir, að undanskilinni mysu og mysudrykkjum, þurftu engan basa til að hlutleysast að pH 5,5. Gosdrykkir, íþróttadrykkir og orkudrykkir þurftu að jafnaði minni basa til hlutleysingar að pH 5,5 en ávaxtasafarnir þrátt fyrir að hafa mun lægra upphafssýrustig en safarnir. Ályktun: Þessi rannsókn bendir til þess að flestir svaladrykkir á íslenskum markaði hafi glerungseyðandi áhrif. Þetta er mikið áhyggjuefni þar sem að neysla þessara drykkja er einna mest hjá börnum og unglingum en þar virðist tíðni glerungseyðingar fara ört vaxandi

Development of Readout Interconnections for the Si-W Calorimeter of SiD

The SiD collaboration is developing a Si-W sampling electromagnetic calorimeter, with anticipated application for the International Linear Collider. Assembling the modules for such a detector will involve special bonding technologies for the interconnections, especially for attaching a silicon detector wafer to a flex cable readout bus. We review the interconnect technologies involved, including oxidation removal processes, pad surface preparation, solder ball selection and placement, and bond quality assurance. Our results show that solder ball bonding is a promising technique for the Si-W ECAL, and unresolved issues are being addressed.Comment: 8 pages + title, 6 figure

The platelet-surface thiol isomerase enzyme ERp57 modulates platelet function

Background: Thiol isomerases are a family of endoplasmic reticulum enzymes which orchestrate redox-based modifications of protein disulphide bonds. Previous studies have identified important roles for the thiol isomerases PDI and ERp5 in the regulation of normal platelet function. Objectives: Recently, we demonstrated the presence of a further five thiol isomerases at the platelet surface. In this report we aim to report the role of one of these enzymes - ERp57 in the regulation of platelet function. Methods/Results: Using enzyme activity function blocking antibodies, we demonstrate a role for ERp57 in platelet aggregation, dense granule secretion, fibrinogen binding, calcium mobilisation and thrombus formation under arterial conditions. In addition to the effects of ERp57 on isolated platelets, we observe the presence of ERp57 in the developing thrombus in vivo. Furthermore the inhibition of ERp57 function was found to reduce laser-injury induced arterial thrombus formation in a murine model of thrombosis. Conclusions: These data suggest that ERp57 is important for normal platelet function and opens up the possibility that the regulation of platelet function by a range of cell surface thiol isomerases may represent a broad paradigm for the regulation of haemostasis and thrombosis

Modelled hydraulic redistribution by sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) matches observed data only after including night-time transpiration

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of John Wiley & Sons for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Plant, Cell & Environment 37 (2014): 899-910, doi:10.1111/pce.12206.The movement of water from moist to dry soil layers through the root systems of plants, referred to as hydraulic redistribution (HR), occurs throughout the world and is thought to influence carbon and water budgets and ecosystem functioning. The realized hydrologic, biogeochemical, and ecological consequences of HR depend on the amount of redistributed water, while the ability to assess these impacts requires models that correctly capture HR magnitude and timing. Using several soil types and two eco-types of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in split-pot experiments, we examined how well the widely used HR modeling formulation developed by Ryel et al. (2002) matched experimental determination of HR across a range of water potential driving gradients. H. annuus carries out extensive nighttime transpiration, and though over the last decade it has become more widely recognized that nighttime transpiration occurs in multiple species and many ecosystems, the original Ryel et al. (2002) formulation does not include the effect of nighttime transpiration on HR. We developed and added a representation of nighttime transpiration into the formulation, and only then was the model able to capture the dynamics and magnitude of HR we observed as soils dried and nighttime stomatal behavior changed, both influencing HR.This work was supported by a NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship to RBN, administered by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, by a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to NMH, and by DOE Terrestrial Ecosystem Science grant ER65389 to ZGC and RBN.2014-10-2

Performance and Radiation Testing of a Low-Noise Switched Capacitor Array for the CMS Endcap Muon System.

The 16-channel, 96-cell per channel switched capacitor array ( SCA) ASIC developed at UC Davis for the cathode readout of the cathode strip chambers ( CSC) in the CMS endcap muon system is ready for production. For the final full-sized prototype, the Address Decoder was re-designed and LVDS receivers were incorporated into the chip package. Under precision testing, the chip exhibits excellent linearity within the 1V design range and very low cell-to-cell pedestal variation. Monitored samples of the production design were subjected to exposure to a 63.3 MeV proton beam. The performance of chips after exposures up to 100 krad was within tolerances of an unexposed part