Ostaci organokloriranih pesticida u nekim uzorcima hrane životinjskog porijekla

The organochlorine compounds p,p\u27-DDT /1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-di(4-chlorophenyl)ethane,\u27, p,p\u27-DDD /l,l-dichloro-2,2-di-(4-chlorophenyl)ethane/, p,p\u27-DDE /1, 1-dichloro-2-2-di-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene/, alpha-HCH (alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane), beta-HCH (beta-hexachlorocyclohexane), gamma-HCH (lindane) (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) and HCB (hexacblorobenzene) were measured in cow\u27s milk and butter, in pig\u27s fat and fat tissue, and in hen\u27s fat tissue. Samples of foodstuffs (10 from each) were collected during 1985/6 in a continental town of Croatia, Yugoslavia either at the market or from individual farmers. p,p\u27-DDE was present in all the 50 samples (cone. range 1.6-330 µg/kg fat). The frequencies of gamma-HCH, HCB, alpha-HCH and p,p\u27-DDT were between 92 and 52 % (cone. range 1.0-200 µg/kg fat). p,p\u27-DDD was present only in five samples and beta-HCH only m six (cone. range 2.2-130 µg/kg fat). The highest median concentrations of HCB, gamma-HCH and alpha-HCH (63, 38 and 25 µg/kg fat resp.) were.Organoklorirani spojevi p,p\u27-DDT /1,1,1-triklor-2,2-di-(4-klorfenil)etan/, pp\u27,-DDD /1 ,1-diklor-2,2-di-(4-klorfenil)etani, p,p\u27-DDE /1,1-diklor-2,2-di-(4-klorfenil)etilen/, alfa-HCH (alfa-heksaklorcikloheksan), beta-HCH (beta-heksaklorcikloheksan), gama-HCH (lindan) (garna-heksaklorcikloheksan) i HCB (heksaklorbenzen) odredivani su u uzorcima kravljeg mlijeka i maslaca, svinjske masti i masnog tkiva te kokošjeg masnog tkiva. Uzorci hrane (10 od svake vrste) sakupljeni su tokom 1985/86. godine u kontinentalnom gradu Hrvatske bilo u trgovini ili od individualnih proizvođača. p,p\u27-DDE je naden u svih 50 uzoraka (raspon koncentracija 1,6-330 µg/kg masti). Učestalosti gama-HCH, HCB, alfa-HCH i p,p\u27-DDT bile su između 92 i 52 % (raspon koncentracija 1.0-200 µg/kg masti). p,p\u27-DDD je nađen u samo pet uzoraka, dok je beta-HCH nađen u samo šest uzoraka (raspon koncentracija 2,2-130 µg/kg masti). Najviši medijani koncentracija za HCB, gama-HCH i alfa-HCH (63, 38 odnosno 25 µg/kg masti) nađeni su u kravljem mlijeku, a za p,p\u27-DDE (64 µg/kg masti) u kokošjem masnom tkivu

Ostaci polikloriranih-dibenzodioksina, -dibenzofurana i -bifenila u uzorcima humanog mlijeka sakupljenim u kontinentalnom gradu u Hrvatskoj, Jugoslavija

The levels of several polychlorinated-dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), poly-chlorinated-dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and total polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs) were determined in pooled human milk samples. The samples were collected in a continental town of Croatia, Yugoslavia, during the years 1981/82 and 1985. The concentrations of seven PCDDs and nine PCDFs were within the range < 0.2 - 116 ng/kg milk fat; the total PCBs were 0.47 and 0.32 mg/kg milk fat. The levels determined were about the same as those reported for the general population in other countries.Određene su koncentracije nekoliko PCDD i PCDF spojeva te ukupnih PCB spojeva u zajedničkim uzorcima humanog mlijeka. Uzorci su sakupljeni u kontinentalnom gradu Hrvatske, Jugoslavija, tokom 1981/82 i 1985. Koncentracije sedam PCDD spojeva bile su u rasponu < 0,2 - 116 ng/kg mliječne masti; ukupni PCB spojevi bili su 0,47 i 0,32 mg/kg mliječne masti. Koncentracije određivanih spojeva slične su koncentracijama istih spojeva objavljenih za opće populacije ostalih zemalja

Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers’ milk — a global review

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been of environmental and health concern for more than half a century and have their own intergovernmental regulation through the Stockholm Convention, from 2001. One major concern is the nursing child’s exposure to POPs, a concern that has led to a very large number of scientific studies on POPs in mothers’ milk. The present review is a report on the assessment on worldwide spatial distributions of POPs and of their temporal trends. The data presented herein is a compilation based on scientific publications between 1995 and 2011. It is evident that the concentrations in mothers’ milk depend on the use of pesticides and industrial chemicals defined as POPs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and “dioxins” are higher in the more industrialized areas, Europe and Northern America, whereas pesticides are higher in Africa and Asia and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are reported in higher concentrations in the USA. POPs are consequently distributed to women in all parts of the world and are thus delivered to the nursing child. The review points out several major problems in the reporting of data, which are crucial to enable high quality comparisons. Even though the data set is large, the comparability is hampered by differences in reporting. In conclusion, much more detailed instructions are needed for reporting POPs in mothers’ milk. Temporal trend data for POPs in mothers’ milk is scarce and is of interest when studying longer time series. The only two countries with long temporal trend studies are Japan and Sweden. In most cases, the trends show decreasing concentrations of POPs in mothers’ milk. However, hexabromocyclododecane is showing increasing temporal concentration trends in both Japan and Sweden

Persistent organochlorine compounds in human milk collected in Croatia over two decades

The distribution and time trend of organochlorine pesticide (OCP), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/PCDF) concentrations in human milk samples from Croatia collected in 1981-2003 are presented. Between 1981/1982 and 1987/1989, the concentrations of HCB, beta-HCH, DDE, and total PCBs decreased about 50%, while for the last decade, the concentrations have been decreasing very slowly. In 2002/2003 the range of PCB congeners and OCPs was from below the limit of determination to 332 ng g(-1) milk fat. PCDD/PCDF concentrations in human milk samples collected in 1981-2000 ranged between 5.2 and 26.7 pg I-TEQ g(-1) milk fat and showed a decreasing trend

Levels and Distribution of PCBs and Organochlorine Pesticides in the Air, Pine Needles, and Human Milk

U ovome preglednom radu prikazani su rezultati dobiveni diljem svijeta o raspodjeli i razinama 20 kongenera poliklorbifenila (PCB) i 7 organoklorovih pesticida (OCP) u uzorcima zraka, majčina mlijeka i borovih iglica. Istraživanja prisutnosti navedenih spojeva u tim uzorcima dugi niz godina provode se i u Institutu za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada te su u ovome preglednom radu sažeti i ti rezultati. Vidljivo je da su se koncentracije organoklorovih spojeva značajno snizile nakon zakonske zabrane njihove upotrebe, no to se snižavanje usporilo i oni se još nalaze u svim uzorcima. Općenito, više razine PCB-a nađene su u uzorcima s urbanog područja, razine pesticida više u onima gdje je vjerojatno u prošlosti postojala njihova primjena u poljoprivredi, dok je razina HCB-a obično pokazatelj industrijske aktivnosti. γ-HCH određen je u najvišoj koncentraciji u uzorcima zraka i borovih iglica, dok su u ljudima najzastupljeniji DDE i β-HCH. Indikatorski kongeneri PCB-a također su različito zastupljeni u okolišu i ljudima te su tako u zraku i borovim iglicama više koncentracije hlapljivijih nižekloriranih PCB-a, a u ljudima postojanijih višekloriranih PCB-a. Od toksičnih ortho-supstituiranih kongenera PCB-a i u uzorcima ljudi i okoliša najzastupljeniji je PCB-118, dok su najrjeđe detektirana tri najtoksičnija ne-ortho-supstituirana kongenera: PCB-77, PCB-126 i PCB-169. Od organoklorovih pesticida DDD u svim je uzorcima određen u najnižim koncentracijama.This review presents the findings on the distribution and levels of 20 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 7 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) all over the world, based on measurements in samples of air, human milk and pine needles. The Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health has been conducting research in all three matrices for many years, and this review summarises its results too. Significant decrease in concentrations of organochlorine compounds has been seen after the legal ban of their use, but that decresing trend has been slowed down and they are still found in all samples. In general, higher PCB levels are found in samples from urban locations, pesticides levels are higher in samples from locations where has been their probable usage in agriculture, while HCB levels are usually indicator of industrial activity. γ-HCH has been found in the highest concentration in air and pine needles samples, while in humans DDE and β-HCH are the most abundant compounds. Indicator PCB congeners are also differently present in environment and humans: in air and pine needles lower-chlorinated, more volatile PCB congeners have higher concentrations while in humans that goes for more persistent higher-chlorinated PCB congeners. Among toxic ortho-substituted PCB congeners in human and environmental samples the most abundant is PCB-118 while three non-ortho substituted congeners (PCB-77, PCB-126 and PCB-169) that are the most toxic ones are rarely detected. From organochlorine pesticides, DDD is found in lowest concentrations in all samples