Morphometry of Glenoid Cavity

Objectives: Knowledge of the shape and dimensions of the glenoid are important in the design and fitting of glenoid components for total shoulder arthroplasty. An understanding of variations in normal anatomy of the glenoid is essential while evaluating pathological conditions like osseous Bankart lesions and osteochondral defects. Methods: This study was done on 202 dry, unpaired adult human scapulae of unknown sex belonging to the south Indian population. Three glenoid diameters were measured, the superior-inferior diameter, anterior-posterior diameter of the lower half and the anterior-posterior diameter of the upper half of the glenoid. Based on a notch present on the anterior glenoid rim, variations in the shape of the glenoid cavity were classified as inverted comma shaped, pear shaped and oval. Results: The average superior-inferior diameter on right and the left sides were 33.67±2.82mm and 33.92±2.87mm respectively. The average anterior-posterior diameter of the lower half of the right glenoid was 23.35±2.04mm and that of the left was 23.02±2.30mm. The mean diameter of the upper half of the right glenoid was 16.27±2.01mm and that of the left was 15.77±1.96mm. Conclusion: The dimensions of the glenoid observed in the present study were lesser than those recorded in the studies done on other populations. This fact may be taken into consideration while designing glenoid prostheses for the south Indian population. The current study recorded a higher percentage of glenoid cavities having the glenoid notch as compared to earlier studies. While evaluating defects/lesions of the glenoid, this fact could be useful

Studies on seed-borne mycoflora and aflatoxin B1 contaminations in food based seed samples: Molecular detection of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and their management.

In the present study the mould incidence, ergosterol and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminations were evaluated in different food based seed samples viz., chickpea, cowpea, green gram, groundnut, Indian bean, maize, sorghum, soya bean and sunflower collected from different agro-climatic regions of Karnataka (India). The agar plate and standard blotter methods were employed for determination of the fungal incidence, and the ergosterol and AFB1 contents were estimated qualitatively and quantitatively by TLC and spectrophotometric methods. For detection of aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus, the target gene specific primer aflR-F and aflR-R were used in PCR amplification. The antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities of some selected edible vegetable extracts were evaluated by measuring mycelial dry weight and AFB1 content. The results revealed that 15 diverse fungal species belonging to 11 genera were observed. Among the seed samples analyzed, the highest fungal incidence, ergosterol and AFB1 were observed in sorghum samples followed by maize and chickpea. The PCR amplification showed positive results only for aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus and no amplification was observed in nonaflatoxigenic isolates and A. flavus isolate-2 produced highest AFB1, showed 99 similarity with an authenticated aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolate emb|FN398161.1|. The aqueous extract of Amorphophallus campanulatus showed highest antifungal and antiaflatoxigenic activities. The results confirmed that the ergosterol and AFB1 contents were correlated with the percent mould incidences. © All Rights Reserved

Restructuring Grassroots Democracy through the reservation policy for Women in India

Grassroots democracy is the main source of democracy, where a power reaches the local or village level of society. It is only way to ensure power directly from people. The grassroots democracy is an important political role in the process of the democratic decentralization in the India and developing World.  It is a real forum of citizen which they can participate in elections, governance and decision making process. In addition, it is a major tool in ensuring effective local level governance. Local level participation and the development of democratic local governance continue quietly to spread throughout the World.  In India, the grassroots level democracy is the main pillar of the people participation in democratic institutions. This article examines that women representation for restructuring grassroots democracy through the reservation policy. It mainly focused on 73rd amendments of the Indian constitution. It also examines that women participation in Panchyath raj and democratic institutions. Keywords: Grassroots democracy, 73rd Amendments, Women reservation in gross roots level, Women participation

A retrospective study: twin gestation at tertiary care, maternal and fetal outcome

Background: The objective of our study was to study the maternal and neonatal outcome in twin gestation in a tertiary care center.Methods: A retrospective analysis of 197 twin pregnancies admitted and managed at M S Ramaiah medical college. Parameters in the mother and fetus were studied for any adverse antenatal complications, mode of delivery.Results: Prim gravid patients with twin pregnancy constituted (45.6%). 4.5% of patients had an IVF conception. 45.1% patients were unbooked to our institute, 82% of the unbooked patients presented with preterm labour and preterm premature rupture of membrane. PIH was noted in 32.9% of the patients, premature rupture of membranes (32.9%), Intra- Uterine Death of one fetus (6.09%) and intra uterine growth retardation (2.03%) was the antenatal complications observed. Out of the 197 patients 63 (31.97%) delivered by vaginal route whereas 134 (68.02%) had to undergo cesarean section. Section for the second twin was done in 4(2.03%). The 197 women of twin pregnancy gave birth to 378 live-born babies, 16(9.5%) stillborn and 32 (16.2%) died by the end of seven days due to complications related to prematurity: hyaline membrane disease, hyperbilirubinemia.Conclusions: Early active intervention in twin gestation can reduce the maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity

Vegetative propagation of Eucalyptus species through polyglobule

Macro-propagation of Eucalypyus species is possible on large scale through relatively cheaper technique with polyglobule than automatic and low cost chambers. Further it also gives an added advantage in controlling diseases and their spread as it is confined to the specific polyglobule. The spread of the humidity and temperature in the polyglobule are uniform unlike other large mist chambers

Study of drug utilization pattern in emergency medicine ward at a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: The emergency department represents an important platform for conducting drug utilization studies as patients present with a wide spectrum of diseases in acute form. An irrational prescription adversely affects the prognosis and recovery of patients. Hence, the objective of our study was to evaluate the drug utilization pattern and to determine the rationality of prescription using WHO prescribing indicators in emergency medicine ward.Methods: After obtaining Institutional Ethical Committee approval, a prospective observational study was conducted over 2 months. The case records of 150 patients admitted to the emergency medicine ward, with a hospital stay of more than 24hrs were reviewed to analyze the prescription pattern during the initial 48hrs of admission. Case records of patients irrespective of age, sex and diagnosis were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results (SPSS version 20).Results: A total of 1014 drugs were prescribed from 150 case records with a mean age of 47±18 years. An average of 6.76 drugs was prescribed per prescription; percentage of encounters with at least an antimicrobial was 115 (76.66%). Injections were prescribed in all patients (100%) and only 416 (41.02%) drugs were prescribed by generic name and 657 (64.79%) drugs abided to the WHO essential drug list. Majority of patients received anti-ulcerogenic drugs followed by antimicrobials.Conclusions: There was a tendency of polypharmacy with overuse of PPIs and antimicrobials. There is need to rationalize the drug therapy in terms of increasing prescription of drugs from essential drug list by generic name

Yield Gap Analysis in Adoption of Production Technology of Mango by the Farmers

The study was conducted on yield gap analysis in adoption of production technology of mango by the farmers at Tumkuru district. Ten villages were selected and out of which twenty farmers were selected from each for the study, ten belong to big and small farmers category. Total 200 sample size were selected, the data were collected through personal interview, Frontline demonstration, Off-campus and On-campus training programme. Observation was recorded that 20 per cent of yield gap between demonstration plot and actual farmers plot in mango. The total yield gap between potential yield and actual yield was 50%. Majority of the big farmers (63%) and small farmers (50%) were at medium level of adoption. Majority of the big farmers (more than 80%) fully adopted the production practices like plant population per hectare and pit size, whereas more than 90 per cent of small and big farmers have not adopted production technology such as spraying with mango special as micronutrient, application of Paclobutrazol for regular bearing in Alphanso mango variety and using improved mango harvester for drudgery reduction. Significantly adopted by the big farmers in production technologies such as recommended farm yard manure application (55%), recommended quantity (730:180:680 NPK g/plant/year) of inorganic fertilizer application (58%) and powdery mildew management (46%). More than 70 per cent of small farmers have not adopted technologies such as selection of grafted seedlings (71%) and fruit fly management (70%). But significantly not adopted by the small farmers in production technology viz., selection of improved variety (62%), selection of grafted seedlings (71%), recommended quantity (730:180:680 NPK g/plant/year) of inorganic fertilizer application (72%) and powdery mildew management (63%). High cost and inadequate availability of labour, erratic supply of electricity, lack of knowledge regarding pest and disease management, unawareness about nutrient management and high cost of inputs were the major production constraints perceived by the Mango growers. A great majority of big and small farmers opined that providing crop insurance, availability and supply of improved seedlings and inputs at right time, research efforts for development of cost effective simple technologies for pest and disease management and conducting demonstration cum training programmes were necessary to overcome the constraints