Penerapan Sanksi Pidana Bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Aborsi Menurut Peraturan Perundang-undangan yang Berlaku

Aborsi merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat karena memberikan dampak pada kematian ibu. Sebagaimana diketahui penyebab utama kematian ibu hamil dan melahirkan adalah perdarahan, infeksi, dan eklampsia namun sebenarnya aborsi juga merupakan penyebab kematian ibu dalam bentuk komplikasi perdarahan sepsis. Dibeberapa negara seperti di Amerika Serikat memperbolehkan aborsi dengan alasan medis tertentu, aborsi ini disebut sebagai aborsi terapeutik di negara Jepang dan Eropa Timur memperbolehkan aborsi dengan alasan terbatasnya jumlah penduduk sehingga praktik aborsi di negara tersebut dilegalkan. Namun di Indonesia melarang keras praktik aborsi dalam bentuk apapun, namun menurut Undang-Undang Kesehatan Tahun 1992 praktik aborsi diperbolehkan dengan indikasi medis, namun dalam ketentuan yang tertera dalam Undang-Undang Kesehatan Tahun 1992 menjadi dilematis antara memperbolehkan atau melarang tindakan aborsi tersebut. Setelah mengalami gejolak yang sangat panjang pemerintah mencabut peraturan tentang Undang-Undang Kesehatan Tahun 1992 dan diganti dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 seiring dengan perkembangan jaman dan banyak penolakan terhadap peraturan yang lama. Dalam Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana sendiri perbuatan aborsi merupakan tindakan kriminal atau dikatagorikan sebagai kejahatan terhadap nyawa, Pasal yang mengatur terhadap kejahatan terhadap nyawa adalah Pasal 229, Pasal 346, Pasal 349, dan Pasal 535. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan. Serta menggunkan sumber bahan hukum sekunder sebagai sumber data utama, yang didasarkan pada bahan hukum primer yaitu Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana, Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan, dan bahan hukum sekunder berupa buku, catatan-catatan ilmiah dan sumber bahan hukum lainnya.. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa hanya Undang-Undang Kesehatan yang memperbolehkan seorang wanita melakukan aborsi dengan alasan faktor penyakit bawaan, dimana ternyata pada ibu hamil yang sudah melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan mendapatkan Kenyataan bahwa bayi yang dikandungnya mengalami cacat secara fisik sehingga apabila bayi tersebut lahir akan mengancam jiwa ibu maupun bayi yang akan dilahirkan

Carbon nanotube vacuum gauges with wide-dynamic range and processes thereof

A miniature thermal conductivity gauge employs a carbon single-walled-nanotube. The gauge operates on the principle of thermal exchange between the voltage-biased nanotube and the surrounding gas at low levels of power and low temperatures to measure vacuum across a wide dynamic range. The gauge includes two terminals, a source of constant voltage to the terminals, a single-walled carbon nanotube between the terminals, a calibration of measured conductance of the nanotube to magnitudes of surrounding vacuum and a current meter in electrical communication with the source of constant voltage. Employment of the nanotube for measuring vacuum includes calibrating the electrical conductance of the nanotube to magnitudes of vacuum, exposing the nanotube to a vacuum, applying a constant voltage across the nanotube, measuring the electrical conductance of the nanotube in the vacuum with the constant voltage applied and converting the measured electrical conductance to the corresponding calibrated magnitude of vacuum using the calibration. The nanotube may be suspended to minimize heat dissipation through the substrate, increasing sensitivity at even tower pressures

Perspektif Pengembangan Kompos Bioaktivator Untuk Pengendalian Phytophthora Capsici Pada Tanaman Lada (Piper Nigrum)

Perspective on the Development of Bio-Activator Compost to Control the Attacks of Phytophthora capsici on Pepper (Piper nigrum). Bio-activator microbes can be found enormously in the compost, for instance bacteria (Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp), actinomycetes (Streptomyces spp.) and fungi (Trichoderma spp, Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp). This research aimed to assess the development of bio-activator in controlling P. capsici and increasing production and quality of the pepper. Activity was done in the field trials in the upland and lowland as the center of pepper plants in Lampung using a factorial randomized design group with five replications. The first factor was microbial bio-activator formula and the second factor was three doses of compost namely 1, 2 and 3 kg/pepper plants. Each plant was given zeolite, which was 0.5 kg/tt and fulfat acid 1% as amount of 200 cc/tt. The study showed that microbial activators significantly suppressed P. capsici attacks and increased the production of pepper. In the uplands, the intensity of P. capsici decreased to 83.31%, while in the lowlands, the disease intensity that was caused by P. capsici decreased by 99-100%. The results of chemical and biological analysis of soil showed that the application of bio-activator compost increased the diversity of the types and the amounts of microbes in the rhizosphere as well as increased the nutrient availability. Combination treatment of bio-activator compost from coffee leather of 3 kg/tt were able to suppress the intensity of the disease BPB to more than 50% and increase the production of more than 30 %. Key words: piper nigrum, bioactivator, coffee skin, Phytophthora capsicii. Di dalam kompos banyak ditemukan mikroba bioaktifator, yaitu bakteri (Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp), aktinomiset (Streptomyces spp.) dan cendawan (Trichoderma spp, Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp.). Bioaktivator dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengendalikan serangan P.capsicii dan meningkatkan produksi serta mutu hasil lada. Kegiatan ini bertujuan mengkaji pengembangan bioaktivator untuk pengendalian Phytopthora capsici dan peningkatan produksi serta mutu hasil lada. Pengkajian dilakukan dalam format uji lapangan didataran tinggi dan rendah sentra lokasi tanaman lada di Lampung. Pengkajian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok pola faktorial dengan lima ulangan. Faktor pertama ialah bentuk formula mikroba bioaktivator dan faktor kedua ialah tiga dosis kompos yaitu 1,2 dan 3 kg/tanaman lada. Setiap tanaman juga diberikan zeolit 0.5 kg/tt dan asam fulfat 1% 200 cc/tt. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan bahwa mikroba aktivator nyata menekan serangan P.capsicidan meningkatkan produksi lada. Di dataran tinggi intensitas serangan P. capsicimenurun hingga 83.31%, sedang di dataran rendah intensitas serangan P capsicimenurun hingga 99-100%. Hasil analisis kimia tanah dan mikroba tanah menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kompos bioaktivator meningkatkan keragaman jenis dan jumlah mikroba di dalam rhizosfer serta meningkatkan ketersediaan hara. Kombinasi perlakuan bioaktivator dan kompos kulit kopi 3 kg/tt mampu menekan intensitas penyakit BPB hingga > 50% dan meningkatkan produksi > 30%

Micro-Textured Black Silicon Wick for Silicon Heat Pipe Array

Planar, semiconductor heat arrays have been previously proposed and developed; however, this design makes use of a novel, microscale black silicon wick structure that provides increased capillary pumping pressure of the internal working fluid, resulting in increased effective thermal conductivity of the device, and also enables operation of the device in any orientation with respect to the gravity vector. In a heat pipe, the efficiency of thermal transfer from the case to the working fluid is directly proportional to the surface area of the wick in contact with the fluid. Also, the primary failure mechanism for heat pipes operating within the temperature range of interest is inadequate capillary pressure for the return of fluid from the condenser to the wick. This is also what makes the operation of heat pipes orientation-sensitive. Thus, the two primary requirements for a good wick design are a large surface area and high capillary pressure. Surface area can be maximized through nanomachined surface roughening. Capillary pressure is largely driven by the working fluid and wick structure. The proposed nanostructure wick has characteristic dimensions on the order of tens of microns, which promotes menisci of very small radii. This results in the possibility of enormous pumping potential due to the inverse proportionality with radius. Wetting, which also enhances capillary pumping, can be maximized through growth of an oxide layer or material deposition (e.g. TiO2) to create a superhydrophilic surface

Silicon/Carbon Nanotube Photocathode for Splitting Water

A proof-of-concept device is being developed for hydrogen gas production based on water-splitting redox reactions facilitated by cobalt tetra-aryl porphyrins (Co[TArP]) catalysts stacked on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that are grown on n-doped silicon substrates. The operational principle of the proposed device is based on conversion of photoelectron energy from sunlight into chemical energy, which at a later point, can be turned into electrical and mechanical power. The proposed device will consist of a degenerately n-doped silicon substrate with Si posts covering the surface of a 4-in. (approximately equal to 10cm) wafer. The substrate will absorb radiation, and electrons will move radially out of Si to CNT. Si posts are designed such that the diameters are small enough to allow considerable numbers of electrons to transport across to the CNT layer. CNTs will be grown on top of Si using conformal catalyst (Fe/Ni) deposition over a thin alumina barrier layer. Both metallic and semiconducting CNT will be used in this investigation, thus allowing for additional charge generation from CNT in the IR region. Si post top surfaces will be masked from catalyst deposition so as to prevent CNT growth on the top surface. A typical unit cell will then consist of a Si post covered with CNT, providing enhanced surface area for the catalyst. The device will then be dipped into a solution of Co[TArP] to enable coating of CNT with Co(P). The Si/CNT/Co [TArP] assembly then will provide electrons for water splitting and hydrogen gas production. A potential of 1.23 V is needed to split water, and near ideal band gap is approximately 1.4 eV. The combination of doped Si/CNT/Co [TArP] will enable this redox reaction to be more efficient

Fabrication Methods for Adaptive Deformable Mirrors

Previously, it was difficult to fabricate deformable mirrors made by piezoelectric actuators. This is because numerous actuators need to be precisely assembled to control the surface shape of the mirror. Two approaches have been developed. Both approaches begin by depositing a stack of piezoelectric films and electrodes over a silicon wafer substrate. In the first approach, the silicon wafer is removed initially by plasmabased reactive ion etching (RIE), and non-plasma dry etching with xenon difluoride (XeF2). In the second approach, the actuator film stack is immersed in a liquid such as deionized water. The adhesion between the actuator film stack and the substrate is relatively weak. Simply by seeping liquid between the film and the substrate, the actuator film stack is gently released from the substrate. The deformable mirror contains multiple piezoelectric membrane layers as well as multiple electrode layers (some are patterned and some are unpatterned). At the piezolectric layer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), or its co-polymer, poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene P(VDF-TrFE) is used. The surface of the mirror is coated with a reflective coating. The actuator film stack is fabricated on silicon, or silicon on insulator (SOI) substrate, by repeatedly spin-coating the PVDF or P(VDFTrFE) solution and patterned metal (electrode) deposition. In the first approach, the actuator film stack is prepared on SOI substrate. Then, the thick silicon (typically 500-micron thick and called handle silicon) of the SOI wafer is etched by a deep reactive ion etching process tool (SF6-based plasma etching). This deep RIE stops at the middle SiO2 layer. The middle SiO2 layer is etched by either HF-based wet etching or dry plasma etch. The thin silicon layer (generally called a device layer) of SOI is removed by XeF2 dry etch. This XeF2 etch is very gentle and extremely selective, so the released mirror membrane is not damaged. It is possible to replace SOI with silicon substrate, but this will require tighter DRIE process control as well as generally longer and less efficient XeF2 etch. In the second approach, the actuator film stack is first constructed on a silicon wafer. It helps to use a polyimide intermediate layer such as Kapton because the adhesion between the polyimide and silicon is generally weak. A mirror mount ring is attached by using adhesive. Then, the assembly is partially submerged in liquid water. The water tends to seep between the actuator film stack and silicon substrate. As a result, the actuator membrane can be gently released from the silicon substrate. The actuator membrane is very flat because it is fixed to the mirror mount prior to the release. Deformable mirrors require extremely good surface optical quality. In the technology described here, the deformable mirror is fabricated on pristine substrates such as prime-grade silicon wafers. The deformable mirror is released by selectively removing the substrate. Therefore, the released deformable mirror surface replicates the optical quality of the underlying pristine substrate

Assessment of Dermatoglyphic Patterns in Malocclusion

Dermatoglyphics is the study of fingerprints and skin patterns. Dermal configurations appear during the 12th week of intrauterine life and are completely established by the 24th week. These configurations, except the overall size, are said to remain constant throughout an individual’s lifetime. Objective: To assess the relationship between fingerprint patterns and skeletal malocclusion. Methods: Fingerprint patterns were collected using the ink method from 90 subjects who were divided into skeletal class I, II, and III malocclusion groups of 30 subjects each. Results: The loop pattern was more frequent in patients with skeletal class I and II malocclusion, and the whorl pattern was more frequent in those with class III malocclusion. Conclusion: The present study attempted to assess the relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns with skeletal malocclusion to use as an indicator of developing malocclusion at an early age

The role of Garo tribes of Meghalaya (India) in the conservation and management of medicinal plants diversity used in treating livestock diseases

The Garo tribe of Meghalaya, India have rich local health traditions and large numbers of traditional healers have been practicing herbal medicines for many years. The present study aims at quantifying the plant species used for ethno-veterinary purposes and to identify their conservation status. Out of 90 informants 22 were traditional healers and 68 were farmers. A total of 75 ethnoveterinary medicinal plant species belonging to 71 genera and 49 families were documented and identified for treating 24 different livestock ailment. Most of the medicinal plants (83%) were collected from the wild and leaves were the most frequently used (58%) parts for formulation of drugs; oral application is most frequently employed (56%), followed by the dermal application which accounts for 31%. The medicinal plants collected are mostly trees (31%), followed by herbs (25%). The study indicates that some species are rare or endangered and their use is therefore unsustainable. The strategies for effective conservation of endangered medicinal plant are discussed here

Analysis of Stability and G × E Interaction of Rice Genotypes across Saline and Alkaline Environments in India

Genotype × environment (G × E) interaction effects are of special interest for identifying the most suitable genotypes with respect to target environments, representative locations and other specific stresses. Twenty-two advanced breeding lines contributed by the national partners of the Salinity Tolerance Breeding Network (STBN) along with four checks were evaluated across 12 different salt affected sites comprising five coastal saline and seven alkaline environments in India. The study was conducted to assess the G × E interaction and stability of advanced breeding lines for yield and yield components using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model. In the AMMI1 biplot, there were two mega-environments (ME) includes ME-A as CARI, KARAIKAL, TRICHY and NDUAT with winning genotype CSR 2K 262; and ME-B as KARSO, LUCKN, KARSA, GOA, CRRI, DRR, BIHAR and PANVE with winning genotypes CSR 36. Genotypes CSR 2K 262, CSR 27, NDRK 11-4, NDRK 11-3, NDRK 11-2, CSR 2K 255 and PNL 1-1-1-6-7-1 were identified as specifically adapted to favorable locations. The stability and adaptability of AMMI indicated that the best yielding genotypes were CSR 2K 262 for both coastal saline and alkaline environments and CSR 36 for alkaline environment. CARI and PANVEL were found as the most discernible environments for genotypic performance because of the greatest GE interaction. The genotype CSR 36 is specifically adapted to coastal saline environments GOA, KARSO, DRR, CRRI and BIHAR and while genotype CSR 2K 262 adapted to alkaline environments LUCKN, NDUAT, TRICH and KARAI. Use of most adapted lines could be used directly as varieties. Using them as donors for wide or specific adaptability with selection in the target environment offers the best opportunity for widening the genetic base of coastal salinity and alkalinity stress tolerance and development of adapted genotypes. Highly stable genotypes can improve the rice productivity in salt-affected areas and ensure livelihood of the resource poor farming communities

Preparation, Characterization and In Vitro Drug Release Studies of 6-mercaptopurine Thin Film

Oral thin films of 6-mercaptopurine were fabricated from mucoadhesive polymer, chitosan and polyvinylpyrrolidone for the purpose of prolonging drug release and improving its bioavailability. All fabricated film formulations prepared were smooth and translucent, with good flexibility. The weight and thickness of all the formulations were found to be uniform. These films were also evaluated for surface pH, folding endurance, swelling percentage (% S) and in vitro disintegration time. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were used to evaluate the physico-chemical nature of the films. In-vitro drug release have shown enhanced release profiles for thin films compared to pure drug and the release patterns have been found to be pH dependant. The results of the study reveals that fabrication of 6-MP oral thin film by using solvent cast technology is a simple and an efficient method for drug delivery to achieve desired therapeutic compliance.Keywords: 6-mercaptopurine; In Vitro Drug Release; SEM; FTI