Evaluación química de algunas semillas de cítricos, un residuo agroindustrial como nueva fuente potencial de aceites vegetales

The seed oils from seven Turkish and ten Vietnamese varieties of Citrus fruits were examined for their fatty acid composition, tocopherols and sterol contents. The oil contents of the samples varied between 32.1 g/100 g and 58.8 g/100 g. The major fatty acid of the extracted seed oils was oleic (12.8-70.1%), followed by linoleic (19.5-58.8%) and palmitic (5.1-28.3%). Stearic, vaccenic, linolenic and arachidic acids were found at low levels. The total content of vitamin E active compounds in the oils ranged between 0.8 and 21.0 mg/100 g. The predominant isomers were α- and γ-tocopherol, with approximate equal amounts between about 0.4 and 17.5 mg/100 g. The total sterol contents of the oils were found between 1310.54 and 3986.58 mg/kg, with β -sitosterol as the predominant sterol that accounted for more than 70% of the total amount of sterols. Other sterols, campesterol (8.03-15.26%), stigmasterol (2.55-7.69%), ∆5-avenasterol (1.80-5.67%), cholesterol (0.83-2.70%) and chlerosterol (0.93-1.78%) were detected in most of the oils. The results of the present study indicate that the seed oils of Citrus fruits are considered to be a potential oil source due to their fatty acid composition and important tocopherol and sterol, and might be used for edible applications as well as the production of potential value-added products.Aceites de semillas de siete y diez variedades de frutas cítricas turcas y de Vietnam respectivamente, fueron examinadas por su composición en ácidos grasos, tocoferoles y esteroles. El contenido de aceite de las muestras varió entre 32.1 g/100 g y 58.8 g/100 g. El principal ácido graso de los aceites extraídos de las semillas fue oleico (12.8 a 70.1%), seguido por linoleico (19.5-58.8%) y palmítico (5.1 a 28.3%). Los ácidos esteárico, vacénico, linolénico y araquídico se encontraron en niveles bajos. El contenido total de compuestos de vitamina E activa en los aceites varió entre 0.8 y 21.0 mg/100 g. Los isómeros predominantes fueron α- y γ-tocoferol, con aproximadamente la misma cantidad, entre 0.4 y 17.5 mg/100 g. El contenido de esteroles totales de los aceites se encontró entre 1310.54 y 3986.58 mg/kg, con β-sitosterol como el esterol predominante representando más del 70% de la cantidad total de esteroles. Otros esteroles, campesterol (8.03-15.26%), estigmasterol (2.55-7.69%), ∆5-avenasterol (1.80-5.67%), colesterol (0.83 a 2.70%) y clerosterol (0.93-1.78%) se detectaron en la mayoría de los aceites. Los resultados del presente estudio indican que los aceites de semillas de cítricos se consideran una fuente potencial de aceite debido a la importante composición de ácidos grasos, tocoferoles y esteroles, y podría ser utilizado para aplicaciones alimenticias y para la producción de posibles productos de valor añadido

Fatty acid, Tocopherol and Sterol Composition in Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) of Mongolia

The content and composition of lipids isolated from seed and pulp of sea buckthorn were investigated. Fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by CGC while tocopherols were analyzed by HPLC. 12.67% glyceride was found in the seed. The oil of sea buckthorn seed oil showed low levels of saturated fatty acids in comparison with the buckthorn pulp oil. Palmitic (7.13%), oleic (15.85%), linoleic (36.9%) and linolenic acids (31.11%) predominated in the seed oil. Palmitic (29.17%), palmitoleic (32.86%), oleic (4.92%), vaccenic (9.35%) and linoleic (16.08%) fatty acid was dominating in the pulp oil. The primary tocopherol of sea buckthorn seed and pulp oil were α- tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (46.54mg/100g, 59.02mg/100g). Seed oil contains more (94.34mg/100g) total sterols than pulp (90.25mg/100g) oil.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v12i0.187 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry Vol.12 2011: 126-130

Fatty acid, Tocopherol and Sterol Composition in Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) of Mongolia

The content and composition of lipids isolated from seed and pulp of sea buckthorn were investigated. Fatty acids and sterols were analyzed by CGC while tocopherols were analyzed by HPLC. 12.67% glyceride was found in the seed. The oil of sea buckthorn seed oil showed low levels of saturated fatty acids in comparison with the buckthorn pulp oil. Palmitic (7.13%), oleic (15.85%), linoleic (36.9%) and linolenic acids (31.11%) predominated in the seed oil. Palmitic (29.17%), palmitoleic (32.86%), oleic (4.92%), vaccenic (9.35%) and linoleic (16.08%) fatty acid was dominating in the pulp oil. The primary tocopherol of sea buckthorn seed and pulp oil were α- tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (46.54mg/100g, 59.02mg/100g). Seed oil contains more (94.34mg/100g) total sterols than pulp (90.25mg/100g) oil.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v12i0.187 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry Vol.12 2011: 126-130

Hierarchical patterning modes orchestrate hair follicle morphogenesis

Two theories address the origin of repeating patterns, such as hair follicles, limb digits, and intestinal villi, during development. The Turing reaction–diffusion system posits that interacting diffusible signals produced by static cells first define a prepattern that then induces cell rearrangements to produce an anatomical structure. The second theory, that of mesenchymal self-organisation, proposes that mobile cells can form periodic patterns of cell aggregates directly, without reference to any prepattern. Early hair follicle development is characterised by the rapid appearance of periodic arrangements of altered gene expression in the epidermis and prominent clustering of the adjacent dermal mesenchymal cells. We assess the contributions and interplay between reaction–diffusion and mesenchymal self-organisation processes in hair follicle patterning, identifying a network of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), wingless-related integration site (WNT), and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling interactions capable of spontaneously producing a periodic pattern. Using time-lapse imaging, we find that mesenchymal cell condensation at hair follicles is locally directed by an epidermal prepattern. However, imposing this prepattern’s condition of high FGF and low BMP activity across the entire skin reveals a latent dermal capacity to undergo spatially patterned self-organisation in the absence of epithelial direction. This mesenchymal self-organisation relies on restricted transforming growth factor (TGF) β signalling, which serves to drive chemotactic mesenchymal patterning when reaction–diffusion patterning is suppressed, but, in normal conditions, facilitates cell movement to locally prepatterned sources of FGF. This work illustrates a hierarchy of periodic patterning modes operating in organogenesis

Should formula for infants provide arachidonic acid along with DHA? A position paper of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the Child Health Foundation

Recently adopted regulatory standards on infant and follow-on formula for the European Union stipulate that from 2021 onwards, all such products marketed in the European Union must contain 20-50 mg/100 kcal of omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is equivalent to about 0.5-1 % of fatty acids and thus higher than typically found in human milk and current infant formula products, without the need to also include omega-6 arachidonic acid (ARA). This novel concept of infant formula composition has given rise to concern and controversy since there is no accountable evidence on the suitability and safety in healthy infants. Therefore, international experts in the field of infant nutrition were invited to review the state of scientific research on DHA and ARA, and to discuss the questions arising from the new European regulatory standards. Based on the available information, we recommend that infant and follow-on formula should provide both DHA and ARA. The DHA should equal at least the mean content in human milk globally (0.3 % of fatty acids) but preferably reach a level of 0.5 % of fatty acids. While optimal ARA intake levels remain to be defined, we strongly recommend that ARA should be provided along with DHA. At levels of DHA in infant formula up to about 0.64%, ARA contents should at least equal the DHA contents. Further well-designed clinical studies should evaluate the optimal intakes of DHA and ARA in infants at different ages based on relevant outcome

Fatty acid and tocopherol contents of several soybean oils

The oleic acid content of seed oils varied between 21.4% (ATAEM7) and 26.6% (Turksoy). The proportion of linoleic acid of soybean oil ranged from 49.0% (Turksoy) to 53.5% (ATAEM7), while the palmitic acid of oils varied between 9.2% (Adasoy) and 11.2% (Noya). The major tocopherols were yen -tocopherol, alpha-tocopherol and delta-tocopherol in all the varieties of soybean oil. As a result, this study showed that the seeds are to be a potential source of valuable oil which might be used for edible and other industrial applications