Native and invasive inoculation sources modify fungal community assembly and biomass production of a chaparral shrub

Feedbacks between plants and surrounding soil microbes can contribute to the establishment and persistence of invasive annual grasses as well as limit the success of restoration efforts. In this study, we aim to understand how three sources of soil inocula – native, invasive (from under Bromus diandrus) and sterile – affect the growth response and fungal community composition in the roots of a chaparral shrub, Adenostoma fasciculatum. We grew A. fasciculatum from seed in a greenhouse with each inoculum source and harvested at six months. We measured above- and below-ground biomass, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) colonization and conducted targeted-amplicon sequencing of the 18S and ITS2 loci to characterize AMF and general fungal community composition, respectively. Native inoculum resulted in roots with richer communities of some groups of AMF and non-AMF symbionts, when compared to roots grown with invasive or sterile inoculum. Seedlings grown with invasive and native inoculum did not have different growth responses, but both produced more biomass than a sterile control. These findings suggest that inoculation with soil from native species can increase the diversity of multiple groups of fungal symbionts and inoculation with live soil (invasive or native) can increase seedling biomass. Moreover, future work would benefit from assessing if a more diverse community of fungal symbionts increases seedling survival when planted in field restoration sites

Perkembangan Enzim Pencernaan Dan Pertumbuhan Larva Ikan Lele Dumbo, Clarias Gariepinus Burchell 1822, Yang Diberi Kombinasi Cacing Sutra Dan Pakan Buatan [Development of Digestive Enzymes and Growth of Fish Larvae of African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus Buchell 1822, That Given of Silk Worms and Artificial Feed Combination]

Masalah utama yang dihadapi pada pembenihan ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) adalah ketersediaan pakan alami berupa cacing sutra yang sering kali terbatas ketika dibutuhkan untuk pemeliharan larva ikan lele pada stadia awal, se-hingga perlu dikombinasikan dengan pakan buatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pemberian kombinasi cacing sutra dan pakan buatan terhadap perkembangan enzim pencernaan dan pertumbuhan larva ikan lele dumbo. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulang-an. Perlakuan meliputi kombinasi pakan buatan dan cacing sutra dengan perlakuan pemberian PA (cacing sutra 100%), pemberian PA75+PB25 (cacing sutra 75% dan pakan buatan 25%), pemberian PA50+PB50 (cacing sutra 50% dan pakan buatan 50%), pemberian PA25+PB75 (cacing sutra 25% dan pakan buatan 75%) dan pemberian PB (pakan buatan 100%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan dengan kombinasi cacing sutra 50% dan pakan buatan 50% berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan sistem pencernaan dan aktivitas enzim pencernaan (amilase, lipase dan protease) serta menghasilkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik 23,56±1,08%/hari dan pertumbuhan panjang 8,43±0,75 cm. Ke-langsungan hidup tertinggi ditunjukkan pada perlakuan pemberian PA sebesar 89,61±4,35%

Perkembangan Enzim Pencernaan Dan Pertumbuhan Larva Ikan Lele Dumbo, Clarias Gariepinus Burchell 1822, Yang Diberi Kombinasi Cacing Sutra Dan Pakan Buatan [Development of Digestive Enzymes and Growth of Fish Larvae of African Catfish, Clarias Gariepinus Buchell 1822, That Given of Silk Worms and Artificial Feed Combination]

Masalah utama yang dihadapi pada pembenihan ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) adalah ketersediaan pakan alami berupa cacing sutra yang sering kali terbatas ketika dibutuhkan untuk pemeliharan larva ikan lele pada stadia awal, se-hingga perlu dikombinasikan dengan pakan buatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi pemberian kombinasi cacing sutra dan pakan buatan terhadap perkembangan enzim pencernaan dan pertumbuhan larva ikan lele dumbo. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan lima perlakuan dan tiga ulang-an. Perlakuan meliputi kombinasi pakan buatan dan cacing sutra dengan perlakuan pemberian PA (cacing sutra 100%), pemberian PA75+PB25 (cacing sutra 75% dan pakan buatan 25%), pemberian PA50+PB50 (cacing sutra 50% dan pakan buatan 50%), pemberian PA25+PB75 (cacing sutra 25% dan pakan buatan 75%) dan pemberian PB (pakan buatan 100%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan dengan kombinasi cacing sutra 50% dan pakan buatan 50% berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan sistem pencernaan dan aktivitas enzim pencernaan (amilase, lipase dan protease) serta menghasilkan laju pertumbuhan spesifik 23,56±1,08%/hari dan pertumbuhan panjang 8,43±0,75 cm. Ke-langsungan hidup tertinggi ditunjukkan pada perlakuan pemberian PA sebesar 89,61±4,35%

Evaluasi Pemberian Ekstrak Kunyit Curcuma Longa Linn. pada Pakan terhadap Biokimia Darah dan Kinerja Pertumbuhan Ikan Gurame Osphronemus Goramy Lacepede, 1801 [Evaluation Of The Addition Of Turmeric Curcuma Longa Linn. Extract In Diet For Biochemical Blood And Growth Performance Of Giant Gourami Osphronemus Goramy Lacepede, 1801]

Ikan gurame (Osphronemus goramy) memiliki pertumbuhan yang relatif lambat. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ikan gurame dengan memberikan bahan tambahan. Kunyit memiliki zat aktif kurkumin yang merangsang dinding kantung empedu untuk mengeluarkan cairan empedu dan minyak atsiri mencegah keluarnya asam lambung yang berlebihan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian ekstrak kunyit dengan dosis yang berbeda pada pakan yang dapat memengaruhi biokimia darah dan kinerja pertumbuhan ikan gurame. Ekstrak kunyit dicampurkan ke dalam pakan dengan 4 dosis yaitu: 0; 0,05; 0,1; dan 0,15%. Ikan gurame (4,20±0,08 g) dipelihara dalam 12 akuarium (50 x 40 x 35 cm3) dengan kepadatan 10 ekor dalam 40 L selama 60 hari. Ikan dipelihara menggunakan sistem resirkulasi top filter dan diberi pakan secara at satiation sebanyak dua kali sehari pada pukul 08.00 dan 16.00. Parameter uji yang diamati yaitu biokimia darah (kolesterol, trigliserida, HDL, LDL, dan glukosa), jumlah konsumsi pakan, laju pertumbuhan harian, efisiensi pakan, kelangsungan hidup, retensi protein, retensi lemak, indeks hepato-somatik, kadar lemak hati, dan kadar glikogen hati. Rancangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Data kinerja pertumbuhan dan parameter hati dianalisis secara statistik dengan ANOVA menggunakan program SPSS 17.0. Parameter yang berbeda nyata (p<0,05) dilakukan uji lanjut menggunakan analisis Tukey. Parameter biokimia darah dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak kunyit 0,15% pada pakan dapat memengaruhi biokimia darah tetapi tidak memengaruhi kinerja pertumbuhan ikan gurame

Improved Quality of Color Sumatra Barb, Puntigrus Tetrazona (Bleeker, 1855) with Artificial Feed Enriched Red Spinach Flour (Amaranthus Tricolor L.)

Ikan sumatra albino (Puntigrus tetrazona) merupakan salah satu ikan hias asli Indonesia yang berasal dari pulau Sumatera. Budidaya ikan sumatra albino mengalami penurunan dalam kualitas warna karena spesies ini tidak dapat memproduksi karotenoid dalam tubuhnya. Guna mengatasi permasalahan ini, maka dibutuhkan sebuah alternatif berupa penambahan karotenoid dalam pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji efektivitas dosis tepung bayam merah sebagai pakan terhadap kualitas warna ikan sumatra albino. Ikan hias sumatra albino dengan bobot 0,54 g dan panjang 3,50 cm dipelihara di dalam akuarium (30 cm x 20 cm x 20 cm).Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan empatperlakuan (A=0% (kontrol), B=2%, C=4%, dan D=6%) dan tiga ulangan. Parameter yang diamati meliputi nilai kualitas warna kulit ikan (L=lightness, C=chroma, dan H=hue) dan total karotenoid pada kulit, sirip,serta daging ikan sumatra albino. Ikan dipelihara selama 42 hari dan diberi pakan tigakali sehari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwapenambahantepung bayam merah pada dosis 6%dengan kandungan karotenoid 45,26 ppm pada pakan, 50,44 ppm pada sirip, 16,10 ppm pada kulit, dan 3,69 ppm pada daging, dapat meningkatkan kualitas warna ikan sumatra albino. Hal tersebut diindikasikan dengan menurunnya nilai L=60,83%, meningkatnya nilai C=20,57%, dan mempertahankan nilai H=87,09°

Pembuatan Anoda Li4ti5o12 dan Studi Pengaruh Ketebalan Elektroda terhadap Performa Elektrokimia Baterai Ion Lithium

SYNTHESIS OF Li4Ti5O12 ANODE AND STUDY OF ELECTRODE THICKNESS EFFECT ON THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE OF LITHIUM ION BATTERY. The synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 and the study of electrode thickness effect on the electrochemical performance of lithiumion batteries has been carried out. Li4Ti5O12 powders were synthesized from raw materials LiOH.H2O and TiO2 via powder metallurgy method. Electrode sheet was made by mixed Li4Ti5O12 powders with PVDF, AB and NN DMAC solvents become sluury and coated into sheet on the Cu foil with variations in the thickness of 50, 80, and 120 μm. The electrode sheet was assembled into half-cell battery using a coin cell with metallic lithium as reference electrode and LiFP6 as electrolyte. Characterization included X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to know crystal structure and phases, while elctrochemical performances were conducted by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscop (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Charge/Discharge (CD). XRD test showed that there are two phases formed, namely Li4Ti5O12with cubic structure at 77.3%and rutile TiO2 with tetragonal crystal structure at 22.7%. EIS test showed that the highest conductivity of anode sheet is 3.66 x 10-5 S/cm at a thickness of 50 μm. While, CV results showed that thicker electrode sheet will increase intercalation and de-intercalation. From CD test showed that the layer thickness affects the value of the specific capacity, the thicker of electrode layer will decreases the value of specific capacity. The best capacity of battery cells are obtained in a layer thickness of 50 μm, with a charge capacity of 146.6 mAh/g and the discharge capacity of 146.09 mAh/g

The effects of two different doses of ultraviolet-A light exposure on nitric oxide metabolites and cardiorespiratory outcomes

Abstract Purpose The present study investigated different doses of ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light on plasma nitric oxide metabolites and cardiorespiratory variables. Methods Ten healthy male participants completed three experimental conditions, 7 days apart. Participants were exposed to no light (CON); 10 J cm2 (15 min) of UV-A light (UVA10) and 20 J cm2 (30 min) of UV-A light (UVA20) in a randomized order. Plasma nitrite [NO2 −] and nitrate [NO3 −] concentrations, blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded before, immediately after exposure and 30 min post-exposure. Whole body oxygen utilization (V̇ O2), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skin temperature were recorded continuously. Results None of the measured parameters changed significantly during CON (all P&gt;0.05). V̇ O2 and RMR were significantly reduced immediately after UVA10 (P&lt;0.05) despite no change in plasma [NO2 −] (P&gt;0.05). Immediately after exposure to UVA20, plasma [NO2 −] was higher (P=0.014) and V̇ O2 and RMR tended to be lower compared to baseline (P=0.06). There were no differences in [NO2 −] or V̇ O2 at the 30 min time point in any condition. UV-A exposure did not alter systolic BP, diastolic BP or MAP (all P&gt;0.05). UV-A light did not alter plasma [NO3 −] at any time point (all P&gt;0.05). Conclusions This study demonstrates that a UV-A dose of 20 J cm2 is necessary to increase plasma [NO2 −] although a smaller dose is capable of reducing V̇ O2 and RMR at rest. Exposure to UV-A did not significantly reduce BP in this cohort of healthy adults. These data suggest that exposure to sunlight has a meaningful acute impact on metabolic function

A cross-cultural re-evaluation of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) in five countries.

Research into the detrimental effects of excessive exercise has been conceptualized in a number of similar ways,including ‘exercise addiction’,‘exercise dependence’,‘obligatory exercising’,‘exercise abuse’,and‘compulsive exercise. Among the most currently used (and psychometrically valid and reliable) instruments is the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI). The present study aimed to further explore the psychometric properties of the EAI by combining the datasets of a number of surveys carried out in five different countries (Denmark, Hungary, Spain, UK, and US) that have used the EAI with a total sample size of 6,031 participants. A series of multigroup confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were carried out examining configural invariance, metric invariance, and scalar invariance. The CFAs using the combined dataset supported the configural invariance and metric invariance but not scalar invariance. Therefore, EAI factor scores from five countries are not comparable because the use or interpretation of the scale was different in the five nations. However, the covariates of exercise addiction can be studied from a cross-cultural perspective because of the metric invariance of the scale. Gender differences among exercisers in the interpretation of the scale also emerged. The implications of the results are discussed, and it is concluded that the study’s findings will facilitate a more robust and reliable use of the EAI in future research

Searching for Gravitational Waves from the Inspiral of Precessing Binary Systems: Astrophysical Expectations and Detection Efficiency of "Spiky'' Templates

Relativistic spin-orbit and spin-spin couplings has been shown to modify the gravitational waveforms expected from inspiraling binaries with a black hole and a neutron star. As a result inspiral signals may be missed due to significant losses in signal-to-noise ratio, if precession effects are ignored in gravitational-wave searches. We examine the sensitivity of the anticipated loss of signal-to-noise ratio on two factors: the accuracy of the precessing waveforms adopted as the true signals and the expected distributions of spin-orbit tilt angles, given the current understanding of their physical origin. We find that the results obtained using signals generated by approximate techniques are in good agreement with the ones obtained by integrating the 2PN equations. This shows that a complete account of all high-order post-Newtonian effects is usually not necessary for the determination of detection efficiencies. Based on our current astrophysical expectations, large tilt angles are not favored and as a result the decrease in detection rate varies rather slowly with respect to the black hole spin magnitude and is within 20--30% of the maximum possible values.Comment: 7 fig., accepted by Phys. Rev. D Minor modification