Nuclear kinetic energy spectra of D_2^+ in intense laser field: Beyond Born Oppenheimer approximation

Simultaneously, the vibrational nuclear dynamics and full dimensional electronic dynamics of the deuterium molecular ion exposed to the linear polarized intense laser field are studied. The time dependent Schr\"odinger equation of the aligned D2+ with the electric laser field is solved for the simulation of the complicated dissociative ionization processes and compared with the recent related experimental results. In this work, the R-dependent ionization rate and the enhanced ionization phenomenon beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) are introduced and calculated. The substructure of the nuclear kinetic energy release spectra are revealed as the Coulomb explosion energy spectra and dissociation energy spectra in the dissociation-ionization channel. The significant and trace of these distinct sub-spectra in the total spectra comparatively are displayed and discussed.Comment: 17 pages, 4 figure

Reassessment of the invasion history of two species of Cakile (Brassicaceae) in Australia

In this paper we revisit the invasion history of two species of Cakile in Australia. Cakile edentula subsp. edentula arrived in the mid 19th Century and spread into coastal strandline habitat from the southeast towards the west and to the north; Cakile maritima arrived in the late 19th Century and has replaced Cakile edentula over much of the range. While Cakile edentula is morphologically quite uniform, the great variation within Cakile maritima has confused field ecologists. Using herbarium records we update previous accounts of the spread of the species and report on field surveys that determined their current geographic overlap in Tasmania and in northern New South Wales/southern Queensland. We examine regional morphological variation within Cakile maritima using the national herbaria collections and variation within new population samples. We support previous interpretations that Cakile maritima has been introduced on more than one occasion from morphologically distinct races, resulting in regional variation within Australia and high variability within populations in the south-east. Western Australian populations appear distinct and probably did not initiate those in the east; we consider that eastern populations are likely to be a mix of Cakile maritima subsp. maritima from the Mediterranean and Cakile maritima subsp. integrifolia from Atlantic Europe. Although introgression from Cakile edentula into Cakile maritima cannot be discounted from our results, it is not required to explain the levels of variation in the latter species observed in Australia. Cakile maritima continues to spread southwards in Tasmania and northwards in NSW; in Queenland, a recent occurrence has proliferated in Moreton Bay, spreading slowly to the north but not appreciably southwards

Work and Heat Value of Bound Entanglement

Entanglement has recently been recognized as an energy resource which can outperform classical resources if decoherence is relatively low. Multi-atom entangled states can mutate irreversibly to so called bound entangled (BE) states under noise. Resource value of BE states in information applications has been under critical study and a few cases where they can be useful have been identified. We explore the energetic value of typical BE states. Maximal work extraction is determined in terms of ergotropy. Since the BE states are non-thermal, extracting heat from them is less obvious. We compare single and repeated interaction schemes to operationally define and harvest heat from BE states. BE and free entangled (FE) states are compared in terms of their ergotropy and maximal heat values. Distinct roles of distillability in work and heat values of FE and BE states are pointed out. Decoherence effects in dynamics of ergotropy and mutation of FE states into BE states are examined to clarify significance of the work value of BE states. Thermometry of distillability of entanglement using micromaser cavity is proposed.Comment: 22 pages, 10 figure

APPLICATION OF POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN CHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING: THE NIGER DELTA CASE STUDY

Chemical fingerprinting is an aspect of environmental forensic investigation which involves chemical analysis of contaminants and associated chemicals to provide source specific information. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment have 3 categories of sources namely petrogenic, pyrogenic and biogenic sources. Petrogenic PAHs are generated from geochemical alterations of organic mater. Pyrogenic PAHs originate when organic matter is incompletely combusted. Biogenic originate as a result of oxidation of microbial or plant derived compounds in older and deeper sediments. PAHs fingerprinting involves the determination of a number of quantitative diagnostic ratios of source specific marker PAH compounds. These quantitative diagnostic ratios may be used to distinguish petrogenic PAHs including phenanthrene/anthracene; benz(a)anthracene/chrysene; flouranthene/pyrene; phenanthrene/(phenanthrene+anthracene) and indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene/indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene + benzo (ghi) perylene from other sources. In this research over 40 environmental samples from the Niger Delta region were subjected to chemical fingerprinting employing some of the quantitative diagnostic ratios above with the aim of ascertaining the precise nature and source the contaminants. It was found that the PAHs contamination in the Niger Delta is not only emanating from petrogenic sources but other sources contribute significantly

Construction of Novel Phytochelatins by Overlap Oligonucleotides

Synthetic phytochelatins are protein analogs of phytochelatin with similar heavy metal binding affinities that can be easily produced from a synthetic DNA template. We design synthetic phytochelatin [(Glu-Cys)n Gly] linked to hexahistidine by viral linker peptide and then followed by gene synthesis and cloning of it. Then peptide coding gene (synthetic phytochelatin with linker and hexahistidine) was designed exactly and constructed with step by step methods by overlapping oligonucleotides using T4 DNA Ligase. Finally, synthesized gene amplified by PCR, cloned in pTZ57R/T and transformed to Escherichia coli (DH5α). The results of sequencing show that some types of synthetic phytochelatin (EC4, EC12, and EC20) with linker and hexahistidine were constructed and cloned in vector

Formation and Collapse of Quiescent Cloud Cores Induced by Dynamic Compressions

(Abridged) We present numerical hydrodynamical simulations of the formation, evolution and gravitational collapse of isothermal molecular cloud cores. A compressive wave is set up in a constant sub-Jeans density distribution of radius r = 1 pc. As the wave travels through the simulation grid, a shock-bounded spherical shell is formed. The inner shock of this shell reaches and bounces off the center, leaving behind a central core with an initially almost uniform density distribution, surrounded by an envelope consisting of the material in the shock-bounded shell, with a power-law density profile that at late times approaches a logarithmic slope of -2 even in non-collapsing cases. The resulting density structure resembles a quiescent core of radius < 0.1 pc, with a Bonnor-Ebert-like (BE-like) profile, although it has significant dynamical differences: it is initially non-self-gravitating and confined by the ram pressure of the infalling material, and consequently, growing continuously in mass and size. With the appropriate parameters, the core mass eventually reaches an effective Jeans mass, at which time the core begins to collapse. Thus, there is necessarily a time delay between the appearance of the core and the onset of its collapse, but this is not due to the dissipation of its internal turbulence as it is often believed. These results suggest that pre-stellar cores may approximate Bonnor-Ebert structures which are however of variable mass and may or may not experience gravitational collapse, in qualitative agreement with the large observed frequency of cores with BE-like profiles.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. Associated mpeg files can be found in http://www.astrosmo.unam.mx/~g.gomez/publica.htm