Optimasi Formula Granul Effervescent Kombinasi Ekstrak Kelopak Bunga Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. dan Ekstrak Daun Guazuma Ulmifolia Lam.

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. dan Hibiscus sabdariffa L. dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar kolesterol dalam darah. Penelitian ini membuat sediaan granul effervescent dari kombinasi ekstrak daun Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. dan ekstak Kelopak Bunga Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Jamu yang mengandung ekstrak tersebut biasanya memiliki rasa yang pahit. Formulasi dalam bentuk effervescent, dengan asam sitrat dan natrium bikarbonat sebagai sumber asam dan basa, dapat memperbaiki sifat yang kurang menyenangkan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui formula optimum yang memiliki sifat fisik granul effervescent yang baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan berdasarkan metode desain faktorial dengan dua faktor dan dua level yang menghasilkan empat formula yaitu formula (1), a, b, dan ab. Sifat fisik granul effervescent yang diuji adalah kelembaban dan waktu larut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi natrium bikarbonat dapat menurunkan kelembaban dan waktu larut. Sedangkan, peningkatan konsentrasi asam sitrat justru sebaliknya. Formula optimum yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini mengandung asam sitrat 600 mg dan natrium bikarbonat 1440 mg. Formula tersebut memiliki komposisi yang sama seperti formula b

Comparison of Beetle Nut Seed (Areca Cathecu L) Extract Tablet Therapy Result in Infestation Intestinal Worm at Mumbulsari-jember

Worm disease is a disease that can be suffered by all ages. According to WHO data, the number of worms to reach one billion people in the world, and about 40-60 percent of Indonesia's population is infected with worms. Indonesia is included in a tropical country so that the various parasites thrive in the cycle so it can easily infect humans. According to the study of Kurniawati (2008) conducted at the elementary school age children in Mumbulsari Jember, infection was found positive by Ascaris lumbricoides with the highest percentage (68.96%), Enterobius vermicularis (34.48%), and hookworm (17.24% ). Empirically beetle nut is a drug effective against intestinal worms.Objective: to compare the therapeutic outcomes of beetle nut extract’s tablets (Areca cathecu L) in patients with intestinal nematode infestation in mumbulsari, Jember with standard treatment. Method: The design of the study is a randomized control clinical trial methods. Subjects who had tested positive for infection by stool examination will be divided into two groups randomly, group A as a treatment group given treatment tablets of extract of beetle nut, while group B as a control group given a standard drug that is pirantel pamoat. Two weeks later examined the amount of EPG (egg per gram) in stool samples and the results were analysed statisticaly using two way Anova. Result: The results of statistical analysis of two way ANOVA p <0.05 indicates the type of material factors of treatment had the same average decrease in the number of eggs. Factor type of intestinal worms had different average decrease in the number of eggs while the interaction factor showed an equal decrease number of eggs. In the Tukey-HSD test showed that Ascaris and Hookworm have a better therapeutic outcome than Trichuris trichiura. Conclusion: extract of beetle nut has an equal therapeutic outcome with pirantel pamoat on infestation of hookworm and Ascaris worms and have a better therapeutic outcome on infestation of Trichuris trichiura worm

Patogenisitas Dan Sensitivitas Agensia Penyebab Penyakit Bakterial Pada Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus Gouramy) Terhadap Berbagai Macam Obat Beredar

Kebutuhan pangan nasional mengharapkan ketersediaan ikan gurami (Osphronemus gouramy) pada tahun 2015 sebanyak 26,005 ton. Hal ini mendorong para pembudidaya untuk mengoptimalkan hasil produksi ikan gurami. Namun seiring dengan berjalannya kegiatan budidaya, muncul banyak kendala yang dapat menurunkan hasil produksi, salah satunya ialah serangan penyakit bakteri. Untuk menanggulangi penyakit bakteri tersebut dilakukan pengobatan dengan menggunakan obat-obatan beredar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui agensia penyebab penyakit bakteri yang menginfeksi ikan gurami, mengetahui sensitivitasnya terhadap tiga macam obat beredar dan gejala klinis ikan gurami pasca penyuntikan bakteri melalui uji patogenisitas. Isolasi dilakukan pada 10 ekor ikan sampel yang berasal dari Banjarnegara pada hati, ginjal, mata dan luka pada media TSA (Tryptone Soy Agar). Dosis obat yang digunakan pada uji sensitivitas sesuai dengan anjuran dalam kemasan, sedangkan kepadatan bakteri yang digunakan pada uji patogenisitas yaitu 108 CFU/ml sebanyak 0,1 ml. Hasil isolasi diperoleh 21 isolat (NF 1, NF 2, NF 3, NF 4, NF 5, NF 6, NF 7, NF 8, NF 9, NF 11, NF 12, NF 13, NF 14, NF 15, NF 16, NF 17, NF 18, NF 20, NF 21, BSJ 6, BSJ 14), kemudian berdasarkan karakter morfologi dilakukan uji sensitivitas 11 isolat terhadap obat uji. Hasil uji sensitivitas isolat NF 1, NF 2, NF 6, NF 7, NF 8, NF 9, NF 11, NF 12, BSJ 6 dan BSJ 14 sensitive terhadap obat C, kecuali NF 16 bersifat resistence. Sedangkan terhadap obat A dan B isolat NF1, NF2, NF 6, NF 7, NF 8, NF 9, NF 12, NF 16 dan BSJ 6 bersifat resistence, kecuali NF 11 bersifat intermediate. Uji biokimia 6 isolat didapatkan bakteri Aeromonas hydrophilla (NF 6 dan NF 8), Enterobacter agglomerans (NF 11 dan BSJ 6), Staphylococcus aureus (NF 16) dan Aeromonas jandaei (BSJ 14), yang kemudian dilakukan uji patogenisitas. Hasil uji patogenisitas ditunjukkan dengan kemunculan gejala klinis berupa borok pada tubuh (A. hydrophilla), tubuh menghitam/gelap (E. agglomerans), exopthalmia/mata menonjol (S. aureus), sedangkan A.jandei tidak ditemukan gejala klinis spesifik. National food\u27s requirement expect, the availability of gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy), were increased 26.005 ton in 2015. Those requirement encourage fish farmer to optimize gouramy production. In the same time there are many problems that can decrease gouramy production, one of them is a diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria. Treatment, for that usually use artificial medicine that sold in the market. The purpose of this research was to know the causative agents of bacterial disease that infected gouramy and to know bacterial sensitivity to three commercial medicines and to know clinical sign of gouramy that bacteria injection by patogenisity. There were ten moribund fish\u27s taken from Banjarnegara with target organ were liver, kidney, eye and wound. Bacteria from those organs were isolated on TSA (Tryptone Soy Agar) Media. Medicine dosage for sensitivity as recommended in the package, and bacterial\u27s density for patogenisity was 108 CFU/mL : 0,1 mL. Isolation of 4 organs revealed. Eleven isolate were selected for sensitivity test out of using twenty one isolates, (NF 1, NF 2, NF 3, NF 4, NF 5, NF 6, NF 7, NF 8, NF 9, NF 11, NF 12, NF 13, NF 14, NF 15, NF 16, NF 17, NF 18, NF 20, NF 21, BSJ 6 dan BSJ 14). Three commercial medicine A, B, and C, were exposed to those eleven isolates. Sensitivity test revealed that all 11 isolates (NF 1, NF 2, NF 6, NF 7, NF 8, NF 9, NF 11, NF 12, BSJ and BSJ 14) sensitive to medicine C. Only isolate NF 16 was resistence. To medicine A and B, while others resistence. moreover isolates NF 11 was intermediate. Marphology and biochemical test of 6 isolates revealed that there were : Aeromonas hydrophilla (NF 6 and NF 8), Enterobacter agglomerans (NF 11 dan BSJ 6), Staphylococcus aureus (NF 16) and Aeromonas jandaei (BSJ 14). Patogenisity test confirmed 6 bacteria were pathogenisc with clinical signs as follows : ulcer on body (A. hydrophylla), exopthalmia (S. aureus), blackenedat on body (E. agglomerans) and no specific clinical sign (A. jandaei)

Bone marrow transplantation alters the tremor phenotype in the murine model of globoid-cell leukodystrophy

Tremor is a prominent phenotype of the twitcher mouse, an authentic genetic model of Globoid-Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe’s disease). In the current study, the tremor was quantified using a force-plate actometer designed to accommodate low-weight mice. The actometer records the force oscillations caused by a mouse’s movements, and the rhythmic structure of the force variations can be revealed. Results showed that twitcher mice had significantly increased power across a broad band of higher frequencies compared to wildtype mice. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT), the only available therapy for GLD, worsened the tremor in the twitcher mice and induced a measureable alteration of movement phenotype in the wildtype mice. These data highlight the damaging effects of conditioning radiation and BMT in the neonatal period. The behavioral methodology used herein provides a quantitative approach for assessing the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions for Krabbe’s disease

Alcohol-induced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in the fetal macaque brain

BACKGROUND: In utero exposure of the fetal non-human primate (NHP) brain to alcohol on a single occasion during early or late third-trimester gestation triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of cells in both gray and white matter (WM) regions of the fetal brain. In a prior publication, we documented that the dying gray matter cells are neurons, and described the regional distribution and magnitude of this cell death response. Here, we present new findings regarding the magnitude, identity and maturational status of the dying WM cells in these alcohol-exposed fetal NHP brains. RESULTS: Our findings document that the dying WM cells belong to the oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage. OLs become vulnerable when they are just beginning to generate myelin basic protein in preparation for myelinating axons, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. We found no evidence linking astrocytes, microglia or OL progenitors to this WM cell death response. The mean density (profiles per mm(3)) of dying WM cells in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the mean density of WM cells dying by natural apoptosis in drug-naive control brains. CONCLUSIONS: In utero exposure of the fetal NHP brain to alcohol on a single occasion triggers widespread acute apoptotic death of neurons (previous study) and of OLs (present study) throughout WM regions of the developing brain. The rate of OL apoptosis in alcohol-exposed brains was 12.7 times higher than the natural OL apoptosis rate. OLs become sensitive to the apoptogenic action of alcohol when they are just beginning to generate constituents of myelin in their cytoplasm, and they remain vulnerable throughout later stages of myelination. There is growing evidence for a similar apoptotic response of both neurons and OLs following exposure of the developing brain to anesthetic and anticonvulsant drugs. Collectively, this body of evidence raises important questions regarding the role that neuro and oligo apoptosis may play in the human condition known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), and also poses a question whether other apoptogenic drugs, although long considered safe for pediatric/obstetric use, may have the potential to cause iatrogenic FASD-like developmental disability syndromes

Bone Marrow Transplantation Alters the Tremor Phenotype in the Murine Model of Globoid-Cell Leukodystrophy

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://www.mdpi.com".Tremor is a prominent phenotype of the twitcher mouse, an authentic genetic model of Globoid-Cell Leukodystrophy (GLD, Krabbe’s disease). In the current study, the tremor was quantified using a force-plate actometer designed to accommodate low-weight mice. The actometer records the force oscillations caused by a mouse’s movements, and the rhythmic structure of the force variations can be revealed. Results showed that twitcher mice had significantly increased power across a broad band of higher frequencies compared to wildtype mice. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT), the only available therapy for GLD, worsened the tremor in the twitcher mice and induced a measureable alteration of movement phenotype in the wildtype mice. These data highlight the damaging effects of conditioning radiation and BMT in the neonatal period. The behavioral methodology used herein provides a quantitative approach for assessing the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions for Krabbe’s disease

The Mitochondrion: A Promising Target for Kidney Disease

Acute kidney injury; Chronic kidney disease; Mitochondrial dysfunctionLesión renal aguda; Enfermedad renal crónica; Disfunción mitocondrialLesió renal aguda; Malaltia renal crònica; Disfunció mitocondrialMitochondrial dysfunction is important in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases and the mitochondria potentially serve as therapeutic targets necessitating further investigation. Alterations in mitochondrial biogenesis, imbalance between fusion and fission processes leading to mitochondrial fragmentation, oxidative stress, release of cytochrome c and mitochondrial DNA resulting in apoptosis, mitophagy, and defects in energy metabolism are the key pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney diseases. Currently, various strategies target the mitochondria to improve kidney function and kidney treatment. The agents used in these strategies can be classified as biogenesis activators, fission inhibitors, antioxidants, mPTP inhibitors, and agents which enhance mitophagy and cardiolipin-protective drugs. Several glucose-lowering drugs, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RA) and sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors are also known to have influences on these mechanisms. In this review, we delineate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in kidney disease, the current mitochondria-targeting treatment options affecting the kidneys and the future role of mitochondria in kidney pathology

Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most common infections associated with health care, but its importance as a global health priority is not fully understood. We quantified the burden of SSI after gastrointestinal surgery in countries in all parts of the world. Methods: This international, prospective, multicentre cohort study included consecutive patients undergoing elective or emergency gastrointestinal resection within 2-week time periods at any health-care facility in any country. Countries with participating centres were stratified into high-income, middle-income, and low-income groups according to the UN's Human Development Index (HDI). Data variables from the GlobalSurg 1 study and other studies that have been found to affect the likelihood of SSI were entered into risk adjustment models. The primary outcome measure was the 30-day SSI incidence (defined by US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria for superficial and deep incisional SSI). Relationships with explanatory variables were examined using Bayesian multilevel logistic regression models. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02662231. Findings: Between Jan 4, 2016, and July 31, 2016, 13 265 records were submitted for analysis. 12 539 patients from 343 hospitals in 66 countries were included. 7339 (58·5%) patient were from high-HDI countries (193 hospitals in 30 countries), 3918 (31·2%) patients were from middle-HDI countries (82 hospitals in 18 countries), and 1282 (10·2%) patients were from low-HDI countries (68 hospitals in 18 countries). In total, 1538 (12·3%) patients had SSI within 30 days of surgery. The incidence of SSI varied between countries with high (691 [9·4%] of 7339 patients), middle (549 [14·0%] of 3918 patients), and low (298 [23·2%] of 1282) HDI (p < 0·001). The highest SSI incidence in each HDI group was after dirty surgery (102 [17·8%] of 574 patients in high-HDI countries; 74 [31·4%] of 236 patients in middle-HDI countries; 72 [39·8%] of 181 patients in low-HDI countries). Following risk factor adjustment, patients in low-HDI countries were at greatest risk of SSI (adjusted odds ratio 1·60, 95% credible interval 1·05–2·37; p=0·030). 132 (21·6%) of 610 patients with an SSI and a microbiology culture result had an infection that was resistant to the prophylactic antibiotic used. Resistant infections were detected in 49 (16·6%) of 295 patients in high-HDI countries, in 37 (19·8%) of 187 patients in middle-HDI countries, and in 46 (35·9%) of 128 patients in low-HDI countries (p < 0·001). Interpretation: Countries with a low HDI carry a disproportionately greater burden of SSI than countries with a middle or high HDI and might have higher rates of antibiotic resistance. In view of WHO recommendations on SSI prevention that highlight the absence of high-quality interventional research, urgent, pragmatic, randomised trials based in LMICs are needed to assess measures aiming to reduce this preventable complication