The curse of Frankenstein: visions of technology and society in the debate over new reproductive technologies

At each successive moment in their development new reproductive technologies have provided the occasion for virulent argument about the role of technology in human affairs. And more generally, technoscientific knowledge has long been held both in awe and suspicion, with the latter acting as a kind of counterbalance to the continuing cultural investment in the image of scientific knowledge as empowerment, as the motive force of beneficial change. Given this cultural ambivalence the paper focuses on media representations of cloning and the 'designer baby' (with the latter enveloping a debate that has run for almost a decade now) and explores the ways utopian images of a world rendered ever more amenable to human desires have been closely shadowed by just as compelling dystopian visions which are nevertheless constructed from the same cultural material. Figures of occidental folklore such as Frankenstein (or Jeckyll or Brave New World), thus function as something of a convenient shorthand for articulating unease with the direction and pace of technological development, or even voicing loss of confidence in the modernist technoscientific project of instrumental control. In these circumstances, the chimeric notions of the 'designer baby' or the human 'clone' appear Janus-faced, concurrently representing the powers of human creativity as well as the monstrous progeny of an excessive epistemophilia. They are in this sense potent metaphors for the biotechnological revolution's declared power to re-shape both nature and society - for 'good' or 'ill'

Toward a Formalism for Conservative Claims about the Dependability of Software-Based Systems

In recent work, we have argued for a formal treatment of confidence about the claims made in dependability cases for software-based systems. The key idea underlying this work is "the inevitability of uncertainty": It is rarely possible to assert that a claim about safety or reliability is true with certainty. Much of this uncertainty is epistemic in nature, so it seems inevitable that expert judgment will continue to play an important role in dependability cases. Here, we consider a simple case where an expert makes a claim about the probability of failure on demand (pfd) of a subsystem of a wider system and is able to express his confidence about that claim probabilistically. An important, but difficult, problem then is how such subsystem (claim, confidence) pairs can be propagated through a dependability case for a wider system, of which the subsystems are components. An informal way forward is to justify, at high confidence, a strong claim, and then, conservatively, only claim something much weaker: "I'm 99 percent confident that the pfd is less than 10-5, so it's reasonable to be 100 percent confident that it is less than 10-3." These conservative pfds of subsystems can then be propagated simply through the dependability case of the wider system. In this paper, we provide formal support for such reasoning

Can Strong Gravitational Lensing Constrain Dark Energy?

We discuss the ratio of the angular diameter distances from the source to the lens, $D_{ds}$, and to the observer at present, $D_{s}$, for various dark energy models. It is well known that the difference of $D_s$s between the models is apparent and this quantity is used for the analysis of Type Ia supernovae. However we investigate the difference between the ratio of the angular diameter distances for a cosmological constant, $(D_{ds}/D_{s})^{\Lambda}$ and that for other dark energy models, $(D_{ds}/D_{s})^{\rm{other}}$ in this paper. It has been known that there is lens model degeneracy in using strong gravitational lensing. Thus, we investigate the model independent observable quantity, Einstein radius ($\theta_E$), which is proportional to both $D_{ds}/D_s$ and velocity dispersion squared, $\sigma_v^2$. $D_{ds}/D_s$ values depend on the parameters of each dark energy model individually. However, $(D_{ds}/D_s)^{\Lambda} - (D_{ds}/D_{s})^{\rm{other}}$ for the various dark energy models, is well within the error of $\sigma_v$ for most of the parameter spaces of the dark energy models. Thus, a single strong gravitational lensing by use of the Einstein radius may not be a proper method to investigate the property of dark energy. However, better understanding to the mass profile of clusters in the future or other methods related to arc statistics rather than the distances may be used for constraints on dark energy.Comment: 15 pages, 13 figures, Accepted in PR

Glacial and Postglacial History of the White Cloud Peaks-Boulder Mountains, Idaho, U.S.A.

Glacial and glaciofluvial deposits are mapped and differentiated to develop new local, relative-age (RD) stratigraphies for the North Fork of the Big Lost River, Slate Creek and Pole Creek drainages in the White Cloud Peaks and Boulder Mountains, Idaho. This stratigraphic model expands the areal extent of the "Idaho glacial model". Volcanic ash samples collected from the study area are petrographically characterized and correlated, on the basis of mineralogy and glass geochemistry, to reference samples of identified Cascade Range tephras. Four distinct tephras are recognized including; Mount St. Helens-Set S (13,600-13,300 yr BP), Glacier Peak-Set B (11,250 yr BP), Mount Mazama (6600 yr BP) and Mount St. Helens-Set Ye (4350 yr BP). A core of lake sediments containing two tephra units was obtained from a site called "Pole Creek kettle". Pollen and sediment analyses indicate three intervals of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change. Cool and wet climatic conditions prevailed in the region shortly before and immediately following the deposition of the Glacier Peak-Set B ash (11,250 yr BP). Climatic warming occurred from approximately 10,500 to 6600 yr BP after which warm, dry conditions prevailed. Sediment accumulation in the kettle ceased by 4350 yr BP. The presence of Glacier Peak-Set B tephra in the base of the Pole Creek kettle core provides a minimum age of 11,250 yr BP for the retreat of valley glaciers from their Late Wisconsinan maximum position. A radiocarbon date of 8450 + 85 yr BP (SI-5181), and the presence of Mount Mazama ash (6600 yr BP) up-core support the Glacier Peak-Set B identification.La cartographie et l'identification des dépôts glaciaires et fluvioglaciaires a permis d'établir la stratigraphie locale des bassins du North Fork de la Big Lost River, du Pole Creek et du Slate Creek. Le modèle stratigraphique établi augmente la superficie déjà couverte par le modèle glaciaire de l'Idaho. Les échantillons de cendre volcanique prélevés ont été identifiés sur le plan pétrographique et mis en corrélation avec des tephras témoins provenant du Cascade Range, en se fondant sur la composition minérale et sur la géochimie du verre. On distingue quatre types de tephras: ceux de la série S du mont St. Helen's (13 600-13 300 BP), ceux de la série B du Glacier Peak (11 250 BP), ceux de la série S du mont St. Helen's (4350 BP) et ceux du mont Mazama (6600 BP). Une carotte de sédiments lacustres prélevée dans le kettle Pole Creek renferme deux tephras. L'analyse du pollen et des sédiments révèle l'existence de trois grands changements climatiques au Pleistocene supérieur et à l'Holocène: un climat frais et humide un peu avant et immédiatement après la mise en place des cendres de la série B du Glacier Peak (11 250 BP); une période de réchauffement (10 500-6600 BP); un climat chaud et sec. L'accumulation de sédiments dans le kettle prit fin vers 4350 BP. La présence du tephra de la série B du Glacier Peak à la base de la carotte donne la date minimale du retrait des glaciers de vallée (11 250 BP) à partir de leur emplacement au Wisconsinien supérieur. La date de 8450 + 85 ans BP et la présence, dans la partie supérieure de la carotte, de cendres provenant du mont Mazama (6600 BP) confirment l'identification de la série B du Glacier Peak.Idaho, U.S.A. Glaziale und glaziofluviale Ablagerungen wurden kartographiert und identifiziert, um eine neue, lokale, relative Alters-Stratigraphie der North Fork des Big Lost River, des Slate Creek und des Pole Creek in den White Cloud Peaks und Boulder Mountains, Idaho, zu en-twickeln. Proben vulkanischer Asche, die im untersuchten Gebiet gesammelt wurden, werden petrographisch bestimmt und auf der Basis von mineralogischer Zusammensetzung und Geochemie des Glases in Wechselbe-ziehung zu Referenz-Belegen von identifi-zierten Tephras von den Cascade Ranges gesetzt. Es werden vier verschiedene Tephras identifiziert: von der Série S des Mount St. Helens (13 600-13 300 v.u.Z.), von der Série B des Glacier Peak (11 250 v.u.Z.), von der Série Ye des Mount Mazama (6600 v.u.Z.) und des Mount St. Helens (4350 v.u.z.). Eine Probe von See-Sedimenten, der vom Pole Creek Kettle gewonnen wurde, enthâlt zwei Tephra-Einheiten. Die Pollen- und Sediment-Analysen lassen drei Intervalle klimatischen Wechsels im spâten Pleistozân und im Ho-lozan erkennen. Kalte und feuchte Klimatische Bedingungen herrschten in diesem Gebiet vor, kurz vor und unmittelbar nach der Ablagerung der Asche der Série B des Glacier Peak (11 250 v.u.Z.). Eine klimatische Erwàrmung trat zwischen ungefàhr 10 500 bis 6600 v.u.Z. auf, nach welcher warme, trockene Bedingungen vorherrschten. Die Sediment-An-hàufung in dem Kettel endete ungefàhr um 4350 v.u.Z. Das Vorkommen von Tephra der Série B des Glacier Peak in der Basis der Probe des Pole Creek Kettle ergibt ein Minimum-Alter von 11 250 v.u.Z. fur den Ruckzug der Gletscher des TaIs von ihrer maximalen Position im spâten Wisconsin. Ein Radiokar-bon-Datum von 8450 + 85 v.u.Z. (SI-5181) und das Vorkommen von Asche des Mount Mazama (6600 v.u.Z.) im oberen Teil der Probe stutzen die Identifizierung der Série B des Glacier Peak

Attractive Interactions Between Rod-like Polyelectrolytes: Polarization, Crystallization, and Packing

We study the attractive interactions between rod-like charged polymers in solution that appear in the presence of multi-valence counterions. The counterions condensed to the rods exhibit both a strong transversal polarization and a longitudinal crystalline arrangement. At short distances between the rods, the fraction of condensed counterions increases, and the majority of these occupy the region between the rods, where they minimize their repulsive interactions by arranging themselves into packing structures. The attractive interaction is strongest for multivalent counterions. Our model takes into account the hard-core volume of the condensed counterions and their angular distribution around the rods. The hard core constraint strongly suppresses longitudinal charge fluctuations.Comment: 4 figures, uses revtex, psfig and epsf. The new version contains a different introduction, and the bibliography has been expande

Non-linear numerical simulations of magneto-acoustic wave propagation in small-scale flux tubes

We present results of non-linear, 2D, numerical simulations of magneto-acoustic wave propagation in the photosphere and chromosphere of small-scale flux tubes with internal structure. Waves with realistic periods of three to five minutes are studied, after applying horizontal and vertical oscillatory perturbations to the equilibrium model. Spurious reflections of shock waves from the upper boundary are minimized thanks to a special boundary condition. This has allowed us to increase the duration of the simulations and to make it long enough to perform a statistical analysis of oscillations. The simulations show that deep horizontal motions of the flux tube generate a slow (magnetic) mode and a surface mode. These modes are efficiently transformed into a slow (acoustic) mode in the vA < cS atmosphere. The slow (acoustic) mode propagates vertically along the field lines, forms shocks and remains always within the flux tube. It might deposit effectively the energy of the driver into the chromosphere. When the driver oscillates with a high frequency, above the cut-off, non-linear wave propagation occurs with the same dominant driver period at all heights. At low frequencies, below the cut-off, the dominant period of oscillations changes with height from that of the driver in the photosphere to its first harmonic (half period) in the chromosphere. Depending on the period and on the type of the driver, different shock patterns are observed.Comment: 22 pages 6 color figures, submitted to Solar Physics, proceeding of SOHO 19/ GONG 2007 meeting, Melbourne, Australi

Supernovae Ia Constraints on a Time-Variable Cosmological "Constant"

The energy density of a scalar field $\phi$ with potential $V(\phi) \propto \phi^{-\alpha}$, $\alpha > 0$, behaves like a time-variable cosmological constant that could contribute significantly to the present energy density. Predictions of this spatially-flat model are compared to recent Type Ia supernovae apparent magnitude versus redshift data. A large region of model parameter space is consistent with current observations. (These constraints are based on the exact scalar field model equations of motion, not on the widely used time-independent equation of state fluid approximation equations of motion.) We examine the consequences of also incorporating constraints from recent measurements of the Hubble parameter and the age of the universe in the constant and time-variable cosmological constant models. We also study the effect of using a non-informative prior for the density parameter.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap

Twisting Flux Tubes as a cause of Micro-Flaring Activity

High-cadence optical observations of an H-alpha blue-wing bright point near solar AR NOAA 10794 are presented. The data were obtained with the Dunn Solar Telescope at the National Solar Observatory/Sacramento Peak using a newly developed camera system, the Rapid Dual Imager. Wavelet analysis is undertaken to search for intensity-related oscillatory signatures, and periodicities ranging from 15 to 370 s are found with significance levels exceeding 95%. During two separate microflaring events, oscillation sites surrounding the bright point are observed to twist. We relate the twisting of the oscillation sites to the twisting of physical flux tubes, thus giving rise to reconnection phenomena. We derive an average twist velocity of 8.1 km/s and detect a peak in the emitted flux between twist angles of 180 and 230 degrees.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figure