ESHRE task force on ethics and law 15: Cross-border reproductive care

This paper analyses the ethical aspects of cross-border reproductive care. Ethical questions are raised by some of the main reasons of cross-border travelling, i.e. law evasion and unequal access to treatment. The phenomenon also generates possible conflicts linked to the responsibility of the professionals. Three points are discussed: the moral obligation of the physician to refer the patient, his/her duty to provide information and counselling and the acceptability of fee-splitting. The recommendations focus on measures to reduce or limit the number of patients that have to travel abroad and on steps to guarantee the safety and quality of the treatment wherever it is provided

Bioinformatics for genomics purposes

Sinds enkele jaren wordt op het RIVM genomicsonderzoek uitgevoerd. Genomics omvat grootschalig onderzoek naar het erfelijk materiaal (DNA) van organismen. Dit onderzoek levert inzicht op in de manier waarop erfelijke eigenschappen zich vertalen naar het functioneren van een cel, en uiteindelijk een heel organisme. De praktische uitvoering van genomicsexperimenten is recentelijk beschreven in rapport 340200001 "Genomics: Implementatie, toepassing en toekomst", dat in december 2006 is verschenen. Dit rapport gaat in op de bioinformatica die het RIVM heeft opgezet en ontwikkeld. Bioinformatica is de wetenschap die methoden uit de informatica gebruikt om biologische data te kunnen verwerken en analyseren. Deze specifieke kennis is nodig om de grote hoeveelheden data die genomicsexperimenten genereren, te kunnen analyseren. De verschillende stappen in de data-analyse, zoals beeldverwerking, kwaliteitscontrole, normalisatie, statistische analyse, patroonherkenning, verlopen succesvol volgens algemeen geaccepteerde methoden. De bioinformatica voor de verdere biologische interpretatie van de resultaten is wereldwijd nog volop in ontwikkeling. In samenwerking met andere instituten wordt dit onderzoeksgebied gevolgd en worden nieuwe ontwikkelingen toegepast. De komende jaren zullen er via de literatuur meer data van genomicsexperimenten beschikbaar komen. Om die te kunnen vergelijken en te combineren zijn bioinformatica-methoden beschikbaar, die zich de komende jaren verder zullen ontwikkelen. Naast genomicsdata zullen ook steeds meer andere gegevens (bijvoorbeeld eiwit- en metabolietgegevens) beschikbaar komen. Dit biedt mogelijkheden om meerdere soorten data te integreren. Deze aanpak wordt "systems biology" genoemd en is vooral interessant om tot een betere risicoschatting van stoffen te komen. Ook bestaat behoefte aan bioinformatica voor grootschalig eiwitonderzoek (proteomics), dat het RIVM wil gebruiken voor bevolkingsonderzoeken en screeningsprogramma's van micro-organismen.Genomics constitutes large-scale research on hereditary material (DNA) of organisms. The genomics research that has been carried out the last few years at the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) has given us insight into the way hereditary information is translated into the functioning of a cell and eventually a whole organism. Practical realization of genomics experiments has recently been described in report 340200001 "Genomics: Implementation, application, and future".analysis demands specific expertise. The last few years has seen the set-up and further development of the bioinformatics required. The various steps in the data analysis, including image analysis, quality control, normalisation, statistical analysis and pattern recognition, are carried out successfully according to generally accepted methods. The bioinformatics concerned with interpretation of the results is worldwide in full development. This field will be closely followed and new developments applied in cooperation with other institutes. More genomics experimental data will become available via the literature in the coming years. Bioinformatics methods for comparing and combining these data are available and will develop further in the future. In addition, an increasing number of other kinds of data sets (like protein or metabolite data) will become available, thereby creating possibilities for integration of multidisciplinary data. This approach is called systems biology and is especially interesting for a better risk assessment for chemicals. Furthermore, there will be a need for bioinformatics for proteomics, which the RIVM aims to use for population screening programmes and screening applications on microorganisms.RIV

Comparative systems of assessment of illness or disability for the purposes of adult social welfare payments. Second report (Carers)

Purpose of the report: This is the second report of the study of comparative systems of assessment of illness or disability for the purposes of adult social welfare payments. This report considers assessment systems for carer payments in relation to disability status of an adult cared-for person. The purpose of the research, as set out in the RFT,is to examine systems for medical/disability assessment and review used in other comparable jurisdictions and to draw key learning for the Irish system.Methodology: The research looks at assessment systems for adult carers payments in a number of OECD countries, using 1) a review of relevant literature (including review of various online academic databases and legal databases) 2) access to online information from social security authorities and others 3) review of detailed evaluations of assessment systems (where these are available) 4)contacts with key informants in the chosen countries. The researchers first carried out a rapid review of assessment systems in a range of OECD countries (see Initial Review). On the basis of this study it was agreed to focus the research on Australia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nova Scotia (Canada) and the United Kingdom (UK).Structure of the report: In chapter 2, we provide a short overview of issues concerning support for carers drawing on the available literature. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the assessment systems in the five jurisdictions. Finally chapter 4 discusses the relevance of the findings to the Irish system.The detailed country reports are set out in the Annexes

What do We Know about Social Entrepreneurship: An Analysis of Empirical Research

Despite the growing attention to social entrepreneurship as a scholarly field of research, it is still in a stage of infancy. Research in the past two decades has been primarily dedicated to establishing a conceptual foundation, which has resulted in a considerable stream of conceptual papers. Empirical articles have gradually appeared since the turn of the century. Although they are still outnumbered by conceptual articles, empirical articles are of considerable significance for the evolution of social entrepreneurship as a field of scientific inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to gauge the current state of empirical research in the field by reviewing 31 empirical research studies on social entrepreneurship, classifying them along four dimensions and summarising research findings for each of these dimensions. To serve this purpose in a meaningful fashion requires discriminating between different perspectives on social entrepreneurship. Hence, four different schools of thought are presented, and the articles in our sample are classified accordingly

Ultracompact monolithic integration of balanced, polarization diversity photodetectors for coherent lightwave receivers

The authors have monolithically integrated an optical front-end on InP for balanced, polarization-diversity coherent lightwave reception which is only 1.3-mm long. Low on-chip insertion loss (<4.5 dB) and balanced photoresponse (1.05:1 or better) are achieved at 1.5-μm wavelength using straightforward, regrowth-free fabrication. Low-capacitance photodetectors (≤0.15 pF) are employed for high bandwidth operation

Aging Is Accompanied by a Blunted Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Protein Ingestion.

Published onlineJournal ArticleThis is the final version of the article. Available from Public Library of Science via the DOI in this record.PURPOSE: Progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass with aging (sarcopenia) forms a global health concern. It has been suggested that an impaired capacity to increase muscle protein synthesis rates in response to protein intake is a key contributor to sarcopenia. We assessed whether differences in post-absorptive and/or post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates exist between large cohorts of healthy young and older men. PROCEDURES: We performed a cross-sectional, retrospective study comparing in vivo post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates determined with stable isotope methodologies between 34 healthy young (22±1 y) and 72 older (75±1 y) men, and post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates between 35 healthy young (22±1 y) and 40 older (74±1 y) men. FINDINGS: Post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates did not differ significantly between the young and older group. Post-prandial muscle protein synthesis rates were 16% lower in the older subjects when compared with the young. Muscle protein synthesis rates were >3 fold more responsive to dietary protein ingestion in the young. Irrespective of age, there was a strong negative correlation between post-absorptive muscle protein synthesis rates and the increase in muscle protein synthesis rate following protein ingestion. CONCLUSIONS: Aging is associated with the development of muscle anabolic inflexibility which represents a key physiological mechanism underpinning sarcopenia

Universal Rights and Wrongs

This paper argues for the important role of customers as a source of competitive advantage and firm growth, an issue which has been largely neglected in the resource-based view of the firm. It conceptualizes Penrose’s (1959) notion of an ‘inside track’ and illustrates how in-depth knowledge about established customers combines with joint problem-solving activities and the rapid assimilation of new and previously unexploited skills and resources. It is suggested that the inside track represents a distinct and perhaps underestimated way of generating rents and securing long-term growth. This also implies that the sources of sustainable competitive advantage in important respects can be sought in idiosyncratic interfirm relationships rather than within the firm itself

Reference Distorted Prices

I show that when consumers (mis)perceive prices relative to reference prices, budgets turn out to be soft, prices tend to be lower and the average quality of goods sold decreases. These observations provide explanations for decentralized purchase decisions, for people being happy with a purchase even when they have paid their evaluation, and for why trade might affect high quality local firms 'unfairly'

Ultracompact, low-loss directional couplers on InP based on self-imaging by multimode interference

We report extremely compact (494-µm-long 3 dB splitters, including input/output bends), polarization-insensitive, zero-gap directional couplers on InP with a highly multimode interference region that are based on the self-imaging effect. We measured cross-state extinctions better than 28 dB and on-chip insertion losses of 0.5 dB/coupler plus 1 dB/cm guide propagation loss at 1523 nm wavelength

A terminal assessment of stages theory : introducing a dynamic states approach to entrepreneurship

Stages of Growth models were the most frequent theoretical approach to understanding entrepreneurial business growth from 1962 to 2006; they built on the growth imperative and developmental models of that time. An analysis of the universe of such models (N=104) published in the management literature shows no consensus on basic constructs of the approach, nor is there any empirical confirmations of stages theory. However, by changing two propositions of the stages models, a new dynamic states approach is derived. The dynamic states approach has far greater explanatory power than its precursor, and is compatible with leading edge research in entrepreneurship