Salmonella Pathogenesis and Processing of Secreted Effectors by Caspase-3

The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes food poisoning resulting in gastroenteritis. The S. Typhimurium effector Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA) promotes gastroenteritis by functional motifs that trigger either mechanisms of inflammation or bacterial entry. During infection of intestinal epithelial cells, SipA was found to be responsible for the early activation of caspase-3, an enzyme that is required for SipA cleavage at a specific recognition motif that divided the protein into its two functional domains and activated SipA in a manner necessary for pathogenicity. Other caspase-3 cleavage sites identified in S. Typhimurium appeared to be restricted to secreted effector proteins, which indicates that this may be a general strategy used by this pathogen for processing of its secreted effectors

Etfect of biostimulants on the growth and biomass of secondary nursery seedlings of cardamom

A nursery experiment was undertaken at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara to understand the effectofbios tim ulants on the growth and biomass of secondary nursery cardamom s<ledlings. Five biostimulants at different concentrations were sprayed at 30- day intervals for a period of 120 days. The results indicated that biostimulants such as vipul (a tricontanol- containing commercial product), Ergostim (N-acetyl thiazolidne-4-carboxylic acid & folic acid - containing commercial product), pure folic acid, low levels ofsimazine and 2,4-D significantly increased the growth and dry matter production. The results suggest, that application ofbiostimulants not only reduces the nursery period but also helps in getting vigorous seedlings for better establishment in the field. &nbsp

Etfect of biostimulants on the growth and biomass of secondary nursery seedlings of cardamom

A nursery experiment was undertaken at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara to understand the effectofbios tim ulants on the growth and biomass of secondary nursery cardamom s<ledlings. Five biostimulants at different concentrations were sprayed at 30- day intervals for a period of 120 days. The results indicated that biostimulants such as vipul (a tricontanol- containing commercial product), Ergostim (N-acetyl thiazolidne-4-carboxylic acid & folic acid - containing commercial product), pure folic acid, low levels ofsimazine and 2,4-D significantly increased the growth and dry matter production. The results suggest, that application ofbiostimulants not only reduces the nursery period but also helps in getting vigorous seedlings for better establishment in the field. &nbsp

Micorwave Energy Aided Mineral Comminution

Mineral liberation during beneficiation is essentially through comminution. However, the fact that the major slice (up to 50 percent) in the pie for total energy requirements during beneficiation is occupied by comminution, dictates us to look into various possi-bilities to render comminution more energy-efficient. In the early 1900s, efforts for reduction in the crushing and grinding energies based on the concept, 'thermally assisted liberation' (T A L) were made but could not be commercially exploited. With the advent of microwave energy and applications in different commercial operat-ions based on its property of heat generation in materials encouraged it in utilizing as an aid during comminution. Microwave energy heats individual phases in an ore matrix to different heat levels as per individual microwave absorption characteristics. Exposure to microwave energy over discrete time intervals prior to comminution results in development of micro fractures due to differential heating. Weakening of interspatial bonding in the ore matrix helps in lesser energy requirements. Numerous studies on microwave energy applications in the field of mineral processing and extractive metallurgy are under-taken in many parts of the world in recent years

Catalysis in flow: Operando study of Pd catalyst speciation and leaching

A custom-made plug flow reactor was designed and constructed to examine the behaviour of Pd catalysts during Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Spatial-temporal resolution of catalyst activation, deactivation and leaching processes can be obtained by single-pass experiments. Subsequent deployment of the flow reactor in a XAS beam line revealed speciation of Pd along the catalyst bed

Etfect of biostimulants on the growth and biomass of secondary nursery seedlings of cardamom

A nursery experiment was undertaken at the Indian Cardamom Research Institute, Myladumpara to understand the effectofbios tim ulants on the growth and biomass of secondary nursery cardamom s<ledlings. Five biostimulants at different concentrations were sprayed at 30- day intervals for a period of 120 days. The results indicated that biostimulants such as vipul (a tricontanol- containing commercial product), Ergostim (N-acetyl thiazolidne-4-carboxylic acid & folic acid - containing commercial product), pure folic acid, low levels ofsimazine and 2,4-D significantly increased the growth and dry matter production. The results suggest, that application ofbiostimulants not only reduces the nursery period but also helps in getting vigorous seedlings for better establishment in the field. &nbsp

Sensitivity of Livestock Production to Climatic Variability Under Indian Drylands and Future Perspective

The livestock production system is considered equally sensitive to climate change as that of core agriculture system and at the same time livestock itself is also contributing to the phenomenon. The present paper attempts to analyze the sensitivity of livestock productivity in rainfed regions to climatic variability, significance of climate change with respect to Indian livestock and mitigation options and leverage points in such a scenario. The sensitively of livestock productivity was examined by using district level data of milk productivity of cow as well as buffalo for the year 1992 and 1997 for 100 districts which was regressed on important weather variables. The analysis shows that weather variables like rainfall and temperature do significantly influence the milk productivity of animals in rainfed regions. Increased climatic variability due to changing climate is likely to negatively influence the livestock productivity. Based on analysis and stakeholders consultation the paper suggests appropriate adaptation strategies particularly focusing on mitigating feed scarcity situations arising due to climatic variability

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF DESLORATADINE AND MONTELUKAST IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS BY RP-HPLC

A new, simple, precise, accurate and reproducible RP-HPLC method for Simultaneous estimation of Desloratadine and Montelukast in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Separation of Desloratadine and Montelukast was successfully achieved on a ECLEPSE XDB C8 (4.6 x 150mm, 5 mm, Make: Waters) or equivalent in an isocratic mode utilizing K2HPO4 buffer (pH: 8.6) Methanol (60:40%v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min and elute was monitored at 261 nm, with a retention time of 2.485 and 3.800 minutes for Desloratadine and Montelukast. The method was validated and the response was found to be linear in the drug concentration range of 50 µg/mL to 150 µg/mL for Desloratadine and 50 µg/mL to 150 µg/mL for Montelukast. The LOD and LOQ for Desloratadine were found to be 2.759, 9.195 respectivly. The LOD and LOQ for Montelukast were found to be 2.9091, 9.6970 respectively. This method was found to be good percentage recovery for Desloratadine and Montelukast were found to be 100.00% and 100.00% respectively indicates that the proposed method is highly accurate. The specificity of the method shows good correlation between retention times of standard with the sample so, the method specifically determines the analyte in the sample without interference from excipients of tablet dosage forms. The method was extensively validated according to ICH guidelines for Linearity, Range, Accuacy, Precesion, Specificity and Robustness

Expression and function of G-protein-coupled receptorsin the male reproductive tract

This review focuses on the expression and function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), α1-adrenoceptors and relaxin receptors in the male reproductive tract. The localization and differential expression of mAChR and α1-adrenoceptor subtypes in specific compartments of the efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate of various species indicate a role for these receptors in the modulation of luminal fluid composition and smooth muscle contraction, including effects on male fertility. Furthermore, the activation of mAChRs induces transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the Sertoli cell proliferation. The relaxin receptors are present in the testis, RXFP1 in elongated spermatids and Sertoli cells from rat, and RXFP2 in Leydig and germ cells from rat and human, suggesting a role for these receptors in the spermatogenic process. The localization of both receptors in the apical portion of epithelial cells and smooth muscle layers of the vas deferens suggests an involvement of these receptors in the contraction and regulation of secretion.Esta revisão enfatiza a expressão e a função dos receptores muscarínicos, adrenoceptores α1 e receptores para relaxina no sistema reprodutor masculino. A expressão dos receptores muscarínicos e adrenoceptores α1 em compartimentos específicos de dúctulos eferentes, epidídimo, ductos deferentes, vesícula seminal e próstata de várias espécies indica o envolvimento destes receptores na modulação da composição do fluido luminal e na contração do músculo liso, incluindo efeitos na fertilidade masculina. Além disso, a ativação dos receptores muscarínicos leva à transativação do receptor para o fator crescimento epidermal e proliferação das células de Sertoli. Os receptores para relaxina estão presentes no testículo, RXFP1 nas espermátides alongadas e células de Sertoli de rato e RXFP2 nas células de Leydig e germinativas de ratos e humano, sugerindo o envolvimento destes receptores no processo espermatogênico. A localização de ambos os receptores na porção apical das células epiteliais e no músculo liso dos ductos deferentes de rato sugere um papel na contração e na regulação da secreção.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de Medicina Departamento de FarmacologiaUNIFESP, EPM, Depto. de FarmacologiaSciEL