Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cancer in the Swedish women’s lifestyle and health cohort

Objective To investigate whether intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with overall cancer incidence in a large prospective cohort of women in Sweden characterised by young age at enrolment (30–49 years) and relatively low intake of fruits and vegetables. Methods We followed prospectively 49,261 women, who completed a food frequency questionnaire in 1991–1992. A total of 2,347 incident invasive cancer cases were identified until December 2006. The occurrence of cancer was analysed by fitting Poisson regression models, estimating incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The median intake of fruits and vegetables was 204 g/day (10th; 90th percentile: 37; 564 g/day). Intake of fruits and vegetables was not statistically significantly associated with overall cancer incidence. When we compared women in the highest quintile of fruit and vegetable intake to women in the lowest quintile, the RR for overall cancer was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.88–1.16). Similar results were obtained when investigating the effect of intake of fruits and vegetables separately and when we stratified women by age at follow-up. Conclusion Fruit and vegetable intake was not associated with risk of total cancer in this prospective cohort of women in Sweden

Alcoholic beverages and risk of renal cell cancer

Using a mailed questionnaire, we investigated the risk of renal cell cancer in relation to different types of alcoholic beverages, and to total ethanol in a large population-based case–control study among Swedish adults, including 855 cases and 1204 controls. Compared to non-drinkers, a total ethanol intake of >620 g month−1 was significantly related to a decreased risk of renal cell cancer (odds ratio (OR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–0.9; P-value for trend=0.03). The risk decreased 30–40% with drinking more than two glasses per week of red wine (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–0.9), white wine (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.4–1.0), or strong beer (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4–1.0); there was a clear linear trend of decreasing risk with increasing consumption of these beverages (P-values for trends <0.05)

Diet and renal cell carcinoma [Elektronisk resurs]

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 80-85% of all tumors of the kidney and is responsible for about 2% of all cancer deaths in developed countries. Its incidence varies among countries, among migrants, and by socioeconomic status suggesting that environmental factors play a major etiological role. There are many biologically plausible hypotheses that could explain why consumption of plant foods or alcohol might prevent or slow the development of this cancer. However findings from epidemiologic studies, mainly case-control studies, are not consistent. In a population-based prospective cohort of over 60, 000 women, included in the Swedish Mammography Cohort (SMC), we investigated the association between fruit, vegetable and alcohol consumption as well as the major dietary patterns, assessed by self-administered food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and risk of RCC. We identified 122 incident cases of RCC (ICD-9 diagnosis code 189.0) diagnosed between the return of the questionnaire at baseline (1987-1990) and June 30, 2003, by linkage to the Regional Cancer Registry (paper I). In analyses of alcohol (paper II) and dietary patterns (paper IV) the follow-up was through June 30, 2004. Validity of the FFQ-based. dietary patterns identified by factor analysis was estimated by comparing to the patterns based on4x7-day dietary records in 129 women from the SMC cohort; reproducibility was estimated in 212 women by comparing patterns from two FFQs filled in 1 year apart (paper III). In analyses of the association between dietary factors and RCC, we used Cox proportional hazards to estimate the risk as rate ratios (RR) with 95% confidence interval. We observed a non-significant inverse association between combined consumption of fruits and vegetables and RCC risk (multivariate RR = 0.55 (95% Cl, 0.25-1.21 for > 5 servings/day compared to 1 servings of alcoholic beverages/week had lower RCC risk than did women who drank 55 years of age was RR = 0.44, 95% Cl 0.22-0.88. We identified three major dietary patterns that we named "Healthy", "Western" and "Drinker". The validity of the three patterns was r(Spearman) =0.59, 0.50 and 0.85 and reproducibility 0.63, 0.68 and 0.73, respectively. Higher Healthy pattern scores were only non-significantly associated with decreased risk of RCC (the highest vs. the lowest tertile was RR=0.81; 95% Cl 0.45-1.48 and among women :S 65 years corresponding estimate RR-0.54; 95% Cl 0.27-1.10). There was a suggestion of an inverse association between the Drinker pattern and RCC risk (RR comparing the second and third with the first tertile, 0.56; 95% Cl, 0.34-0.95; and 0.72; 95% Cl, 0.42-1.22 respectively, (p=0.08 by Wald test); the association was more clear among women< 65 years (p=0.02 by Wald test). In conclusion, our findings from this large population-based prospective cohort study, suggested that high consumption of fruits and vegetables might be associated with reduced risk of RCC. Moderate alcohol consumption may be associated with decreased risk of RCC. We identified three major dietary patterns, and showed that identification of dietary patterns using the FFQ and factor analysis is a reproducible and valid method that can be used in nutritional epidemiology as an alternative approach to dietary assessment. Our data do not provide evidence for a significant inverse association between higher Healthy pattern scores and risk of RCC, but suggest an inverse association with higher Drinker pattern scores

Fruits, vegetables and risk of renal cell carcinoma : a prospective study of Swedish women

Findings of epidemiologic studies on the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) risk have been inconclusive. To study the association between fruits and vegetables and risk of RCC in a population-based prospective cohort study of Swedish women, we collected dietary information from 61,000 women age 40-76 years by a food-frequency questionnaire. During 13.4 years of follow-up 122 women developed RCC. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Women consuming 5 or more servings of fruit and vegetables daily had a relative risk of 0.59 (95% CI = 0.26-1.34) in comparison to them consuming less than once daily. When fruits and vegetables were examined separately, those who consumed more than 75 servings per month of fruits or vegetables had multivariate relative risk of 0.59 (95% CI = 0.27-1.25) and 0.60 (95% CI = 0.31-1.17) respectively, compared to those consuming 11 or less servings per month. Within the group of fruits, the strongest inverse association was observed for banana (p = 0.07 by Wald test). The risk of RCC increased monotonically with increasing intake frequencies of fruit juice (p-value for trend = 0.10). Within the group of vegetables, the strongest inverse association was observed for root vegetables (p = 0.03 by Wald test). The risk of RCC decreased with increasing consumption frequencies of white cabbage (p for trend = 0.07). Frequent consumption of salad vegetables (once or more per day) decreased the risk by 40% (RR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.30-1.22), in comparison to no consumption. Our results suggested that high consumption of fruits and vegetables might be associated with reduced risk of RCC.</p

Oral health behaviours in relation to caries and gingivitis in primary-school children in Tehran, 2008

The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to determine the prevalence of caries, severe caries and gingivitis in Tehran primary-school children and to analyse the relationship between childrens oral hygiene habits and prevalence of these oral health diseases. Data were collected on the oral hygiene habits of 1271 Tehran schoolchildren (637 boys, 634 girls) aged 9-13 years. Clinical examinations were performed to determine the decayed, missed and filled teeth (DMFT) and the presence of gingivitis. Total DMFT >= 1 was observed in 83.3% of children; 55.5% had tDMFT >= 4 and 87.7% had >= 1 site affected by gingivitis. Dental visits of 48.2% of children were limited to toothache occasions and parents lack of belief in the importance of oral health was the most commonly cited reason (