Chemical pavement modifications to reduce ice adhesion

The formation of ice and snow on road pavement surfaces is a recurring problem, creating hazardous driving conditions, restricting public mobility as well as having adverse economic effects. It would be desirable to develop new and improved ways of modifying the pavement surface, to prevent or at least delay the build-up of ice and to weaken the pavement–ice bond, and making the ice which forms easier to remove. This development could lead to economic, environmental and safety benefits for winter service providers and road users. This paper describes how environmental scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the mechanism by which de-icing chemicals, added as a filler replacement to bituminous materials, can be transferred to the pavement surface. The paper assesses the potential for chemical modifications to reduce the adhesion between ice and the pavement surface by means of work of adhesion calculations, based on surface energy parameters and a new physical ice bond test. The paper also examines the influence that the chemical modifications have on the durability of the pavement surface course

Pengaruh Pengetahuan Auditor, Pengalaman Auditor, dan Tekanan Ketaatan Terhadap Audit Judgment pada Kantor Akuntan Publik di Kota Medan

In making the right judgment, the public accountant must have a lot of knowledge and experience so that when assessing an entity, the decisions made are not wrong. And in making decisions, it should not be influenced by the entity or its own superiors. There is a case in 2018 that happened to two public accountants who did not understand how to take the right judgment in carrying out the task of auditing the annual report to PT Sunprima Nusantara Financing (SNP Finance). Based on this case, this research aims to analyze the making of audit judgment in the city of Medan. It must be influenced by the existence of knowledge, experience and obedience pressure so that cases like the above do not occur in the city of Medan. In collecting the questionnaire data using a Likert scale and choosing multiple linear regression analysis as a research hypothesis testing. The results showed that the determination coefficient test resulted in a percentage of 54% with the conclusion that audit judgment can be explained by auditor knowledge, auditor experience, and pressure