Den metakognitive modellens prediktive verdi på angstsymptomer

Denne studien undersøkte den metakognitive modellens prediksjonsevne på utvikling av angstsymptomer. I følge den metakognitive modellen bidrar maladaptive metakognitive antakelser til utvikling av psykopatologi. Studien ble gjennomført med et prospektivt design for å undersøke hvorvidt absolutt nivå eller endring i metakognitive antakelser predikerte varians i angstsymptomer, etter å ha kontrollert for konfunderende variabler. Deltagerne i studien (N = 241) svarte på spørreskjema for metakognitive antakelser og angstsymptomer, samt spørreskjema for konfunderende variabler som bekymring, oppmerksomhetskontroll og psykologisk motstandsdyktighet, ved to måletidspunkt. Resultatene viste at metakognitive antakelser tre måneder tidligere ikke predikerte angstsymptomer. Endring i metakognitive antakelser predikerte derimot angstsymptomer ved andre måletidspunkt. En økning i maladaptive metakognitive antakelser førte til økning i angstsymptomer. Av de fem subskalaene innenfor metakognitive antakelser var det endring i positive metakognitive antakelser og negative metakognitive antakelser som hadde en statistisk signifikant effekt, hvorav negative metakognitive antakelser hadde størst effekt. En økning i positive og negative metakognitive antakelser førte til en økning i angstsymptomer. Studien finner at den metakognitive modellen har en unik prediktiv verdi på angstsymptomer, ut over variansen som predikeres av andre kjente konfunderende variabler

Pattern changes in determinants of Chinese emissions

Chinese economy has been recovering slowly from the global financial crisis, but it cannot achieve the same rapid development of the pre-recession period. Instead, the country has entered a new phase of economic development – a "new normal". We use a structural decomposition analysis (SDA) and environmental input-output analysis (IOA) to estimate the determinants of China's carbon emission changes during 2005-2012. China's imports are linked to a global multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model based on the Global Trade and Analysis Project (GTAP) database to calculate the embodied CO2 emissions in imports. We find that the global financial crisis has affected the drivers of China's carbon emissions growth. From 2007 to 2010, the CO2 emissions induced by China's exports dropped, whereas emissions induced by capital formation grew rapidly. In the "new normal", the strongest factors that offset CO2 emissions have shifted from efficiency gains to structural upgrading. Efficiency was the strongest factor offsetting China's CO2 emissions before 2010 but drove a 1.4% increase in emissions in the period 2010-2012. By contrast, production structure and consumption patterns caused a 2.6% and 1.3% decrease, respectively, in China's carbon emissions from 2010 to 2012. In addition, China tends to shift gradually from an investment to a consumption-driven economy. The proportion of CO2 emissions induced by consumption had a declining trend before 2010 but grew from 28.6% to 29.1% during 2010-2012

Developing Digital Design Techniques Investigations on Creative Design Computing

1.1. The themes in this theses 16 1.1.1. Mind the mind gap 16 1.1.2. Prologue: The World Center for Human Concerns 17 1.1.3. Creative computer use 26 1.1.4. Design strategies and techniques 31 1.2. Overview 33 1.2.1. Main issues 34 1.2.2. The material 36 1.2.3. The framework of this thesis 37 2. CURRENT STATE AND BACKGROUND 39 2.1. New tools, old thoughts. 39 2.1.1. A misuse strategy 44 2.1.2. Emergence in design 47 2.1.3. Programming and design 50 2.1.4. Artificial intelligence 53 2.1.5. Human intelligence and artificial representations 53 2.2. Electronic dreams 54 2.2.1. The dream of intuitive software 55 2.2.2. The dream of the designing machine 60 2.2.3. The dream of self-emerging architecture; genetic algorithms in design 61 2.2.4. A cultural lag 62 2.3. Ideas and ideology 64 2.3.1. A personal perspective on the theories of the 1990s 65 2.3.2. "The suffering of diagrams" 68 2.3.3. Architectural theory and design methodology 69 2.4. Ideas on creativity 72 2.4.1. What is creativity? 73 2.4.2. Creativity, a cultural phenomenon. 75 2.4.3. Creativity in the information age 79 2.4.4. Creativity-enhancing techniques 81 2.4.5. Crucial fiicro-cultures 82 2.4.6. A proposal for a practitioner approach to creativity 83 2.5. Summary and conclusion of part 2 84 3. NEW DESIGN TECHNIQUES 86 3.1. Introduction 86 3.2. New technology - new strategy 87 3.3. Thinking through design practice: the inspirational playful design approach 88 3.4. A Corner stone: emergence 89 3.4.1. The source material 94 3.5. Recoding, translation and interpretation 95 A case: Tidsrom 97 3.6. Reconfiguring schemata 109 3.7. Rules and games 113 3.8. Virtuality and virtual models 118 3.8.1. What is "The Virtual"? 118 3.8.2. Virtual reality 119 Investigating "the virtual" 120 3.8.3. Analysing the virtual 126 3.9. Visual thinking (diagrams and visual thinking) 130 3.9.1. Visual Thinking and Abstraction. 130 3.9.2. A heuristic process 132 3.9.3. Visual thinking, skills and tacit knowledge 132 3.9.4. Media for visual thinking 133 3.10. Diagrammatic thinking 138 3.10.1. Descriptive diagrams 142 3.10.2. Generative diagrams 144 3.10.3. Versioning 149 3.10.4. Finding 153 3.10.5. Translation and interpretation 158 3.10.6. From generative diagram to program 168 3.10.7. Dynamic generative diagrams 171 3.11. The question of selection 175 3.12. Summary and conclusion of part 3 178 4. WAYS OF WORKING: FROM DESIGN PRACTICE TOWARDS THEORY AND DIGITAL DESIGN METHODS 179 4.1. Introduction 179 4.1.1. Practice-based research 180 4.1.2. Visual material is central. 180 4.1.3. Two investigation paths 180 4.1.4. Achievements 180 4.2. Methods 181 4.2.1. Explorative and generative research 182 4.2.2. A first-person approach 183 4.2.3. Analysis 184 4.2.4. The Material 185 4.3. Systematising creative computer use. Ways of working; techniques in creative computer use. 186 4.3.1. Categorization 186 4.3.2. Mapping the field of design computing. 187 4.3.3. Generic techniques 190 4.3.4. Specific techniques 192 4.3.5. Table of techniques 193 4.3.6. Examples of techniques 200 4.3.7. Traces of technology. 213 4.4. The further use of the generated material 219 4.4.1. Realisation strategies 221 4.4.2. Templates and scaffolds 223 4.5. Summary of Part 4 240 PART 5. WAYS OF THINKING: INTENTIONS IN CREATIVE COMPUTER USE. 241 5.1. Intentions 241 5.1.1. Categorising intentions 242 5.2. Intention themes 243 5.2.1. Cases and samples from Group one: Formal, phenomenal, spatial and geometrical themes 244 5.2.2. Intentions of response to the complexity of urban systems 297 5.3. The Hybrid Process 317 5.3.1. Hybridization strategies 319 5.3.2. The hybrid process and its elements. 328 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 344 6.1. Principles, concepts and methods for creative design computing 344 6.2. A new type of creativity? 348 6.3. A practice as the field for an investigation 349 6.4. Suggestions for further studies 34

Towards Speculative Services for an Inclusive Society: Understanding the relationships between systemic-, service- and speculative design

Social exclusion needs to be studied from a comprehensive and exploratory perspective as a complex and systemic social problem, and there is an urgent need to promote social transformation towards an inclusive society. Over the past decade, Speculative Design has shown great potential as a critical approach to exploring the future and dealing with social issues. Also, there has been growing discussion about the approaches and applications of Service Design and Systemic Design to social issues and complex system problems. Complexity is a keyword in common for coping with social transformation and these three approaches. Further, to reach an inclusive society, designers have to face complex systems and wicked problems at different scales, from government, organizations, communities to final users, even including a non-human perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to build a more comprehensive understanding of speculative design, service design, and systemic design themselves and the relationships between them by drawing together discussions from existing literature. This paper aims to support the startup of new research exploring whether integrating these three design approaches can support the systemic inclusive social transformation

Den metakognitive modellens prediktive verdi på angstsymptomer

Denne studien undersøkte den metakognitive modellens prediksjonsevne på utvikling av angstsymptomer. I følge den metakognitive modellen bidrar maladaptive metakognitive antakelser til utvikling av psykopatologi. Studien ble gjennomført med et prospektivt design for å undersøke hvorvidt absolutt nivå eller endring i metakognitive antakelser predikerte varians i angstsymptomer, etter å ha kontrollert for konfunderende variabler. Deltagerne i studien (N = 241) svarte på spørreskjema for metakognitive antakelser og angstsymptomer, samt spørreskjema for konfunderende variabler som bekymring, oppmerksomhetskontroll og psykologisk motstandsdyktighet, ved to måletidspunkt. Resultatene viste at metakognitive antakelser tre måneder tidligere ikke predikerte angstsymptomer. Endring i metakognitive antakelser predikerte derimot angstsymptomer ved andre måletidspunkt. En økning i maladaptive metakognitive antakelser førte til økning i angstsymptomer. Av de fem subskalaene innenfor metakognitive antakelser var det endring i positive metakognitive antakelser og negative metakognitive antakelser som hadde en statistisk signifikant effekt, hvorav negative metakognitive antakelser hadde størst effekt. En økning i positive og negative metakognitive antakelser førte til en økning i angstsymptomer. Studien finner at den metakognitive modellen har en unik prediktiv verdi på angstsymptomer, ut over variansen som predikeres av andre kjente konfunderende variabler

Designing easy access to care for first-episode psychosis in complex organizations

Aims Developing early intervention services (EIS) in healthcare organizations (HCOs) is difficult because it is necessary to integrate service approaches across units. To accommodate the needs of patients and relatives, Oslo University Hospital (OUH) chose to use service design (SD) to redesign their first‐episode services with an emphasis on easy access to care. This paper discusses the results and how SD can help to overcome known barriers to change in complex organizations. Method SD is a method that relies on principles of participation, innovation and visualization to develop coherent services. The method emphasizes the exploration of a problem area from the perspective of multiple stakeholders to create a shared understanding of the complexity. Idea generation, visualization and early modelling of possible solutions are employed to test alternatives involving stakeholders. Results A low threshold EIS was developed. A helpline with a specialist managing the phone was established. High‐quality assessment regarding possible psychosis development was thus made available to patients, relatives and professionals, eliminating the need for paper referral. This approach was supported by a communication strategy that includes web‐based information. A dedicated cross‐specialist team was established to increase collaboration in complex cases. Finally, outreach services were improved. Conclusion SD is a suitable method to incorporate the views of different stakeholders (patients, relatives and professionals) to develop EIS services in complex organizations and can help overcome known barriers to change in HCOs