Détection de particules micrométriques en suspension dans l'air par technique LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy)

International audienceLes aérosols peuvent être définis comme des particules solides ou liquides en suspension dans un gaz avec des diamètres s'échelonnant du nanomètre jusqu'à plusieurs micromètres. La génération d'aérosols dans les procédés industriels peut représenter une menace pour les travailleurs comme pour l'environnement. La possible émission, sous forme de particules de tailles micrométriques/submicroniques, de métaux lourds issus des rejets canalisés d'industries (telles que les fonderies ou les incinérateurs) ou bien encore de pelotes de nanotubes de carbone sur leur lieu de production, en sont deux exemples. Les rejets de métaux lourds dans l'atmosphère sont essentiellement d'origine anthropique et produits par des industries impliquant notamment des procédés de combustion comme les incinérateurs et les fonderies. Compte tenu des effets nocifs avérés des métaux lourds sur l'homme et l'environnement, les rejets sont encadrés par des réglementations (arrêtés du 02 février 1998 et du 20 septembre 2002). L'évolution de celles-ci, toujours plus stricte, nécessite le développement d'outils adaptés et notamment, d'une instrumentation de terrain permettant l'analyse in-situ en automatique avec une résolution temporelle adéquate. Les travaux présentés ici sont focalisés sur la quantification en temps réel de la fraction particulaire dans une gamme de tailles s'échelonnant de 1 à 10 µm. Depuis leur découverte, les nanotubes de carbone (NTC) suscitent un intérêt croissant eu égard aux très nombreuses applications possibles dans de nombreux domaines industriels. Les nombreuses applications potentielles des NTC soulèvent l'enthousiasme mais également des inquiétudes. Les possible effets que pourraient avoir les NTC sur la santé humaine sont très mal connus et les recherches sur ces sujets toujours en cours. Leur morphologie en forme de fibre est inquiétante car elle rappelle celle de l'amiante. Au risque lié à la morphologie des NTC s'ajoute celui de la toxicité chimique des éléments contenus dans les nanotubes de carbone, souvent des éléments de catalyse. Sur les lieux de production, la voie aérienne est la source la plus probable de contamination. Bien que les procédés de production soient sécurisés, une possible fuite n'est jamais à écarter. De plus, le risque d'exposition existe à plusieurs étapes de production, tels que le conditionnement du produit final par exemple. Il est donc nécessaire de disposer d'outils de terrain permettant d'accéder à la taille et à la morphologie mais aussi à la composition chimique des particules émises. Il existe à l'heure actuelle peu d'instruments permettant, in-situ et en temps réel, de détecter l'émission de particules et de mesurer les concentrations émises selon leur nature chimique élémentaire. La technique LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) ou spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser semble adaptée à une telle problématique. C'est pourquoi elle a été appliquée dans les deux cas susmentionné

Genomic analysis of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea

This is the final version of the article. Available from the publisher via the DOI in this record.Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. These attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. Despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. We have sequenced the genomes of one strain of S. sclerotiorum and two strains of B. cinerea. The comparative analysis of these genomes relative to one another and to other sequenced fungal genomes is provided here. Their 38-39 Mb genomes include 11,860-14,270 predicted genes, which share 83% amino acid identity on average between the two species. We have mapped the S. sclerotiorum assembly to 16 chromosomes and found large-scale co-linearity with the B. cinerea genomes. Seven percent of the S. sclerotiorum genome comprises transposable elements compared to <1% of B. cinerea. The arsenal of genes associated with necrotrophic processes is similar between the species, including genes involved in plant cell wall degradation and oxalic acid production. Analysis of secondary metabolism gene clusters revealed an expansion in number and diversity of B. cinerea-specific secondary metabolites relative to S. sclerotiorum. The potential diversity in secondary metabolism might be involved in adaptation to specific ecological niches. Comparative genome analysis revealed the basis of differing sexual mating compatibility systems between S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The organization of the mating-type loci differs, and their structures provide evidence for the evolution of heterothallism from homothallism. These data shed light on the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of the genetically complex traits of necrotrophic pathogenicity and sexual mating. This resource should facilitate the functional studies designed to better understand what makes these fungi such successful and persistent pathogens of agronomic crops.The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum genome project was supported by the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA-NRI 2004). Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ESTs were funded by a grant to JA Rollins from USDA specific cooperative agreement 58-5442-4-281. The genome sequence of Botrytis cinerea strain T4 was funded by Genoscope, CEA, France. M Viaud was funded by the “Projet INRA Jeune-Equipe”. PM Coutinho and B Henrissat were funded by the ANR to project E-Tricel (grant ANR-07-BIOE-006). The CAZy database is funded in part by GIS-IBiSA. DM Soanes and NJ Talbot were partly funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. KM Plummer was partially funded by the New Zealand Bio-Protection Research Centre, http://bioprotection.org.nz/. BJ Howlett and A Sexton were partially funded by the Australian Grains Research and Development Corporation, www.grdc.com.au. L Kohn was partially funded by NSERC Discovery Grant (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada) - Grant number 458078. M Dickman was supported by the NSF grant MCB-092391 and BARD grant US-4041-07C. O Yarden was supported by BARD grant US-4041-07C. EG Danchin obtained financial support from the European Commission (STREP FungWall grant, contract: LSHB - CT- 2004 - 511952). A Botrytis Genome Workshop (Kaiserslautern, Germany) was supported by a grant from the German Science Foundation (DFG; HA1486) to M Hahn

Adoption des pratiques agroforestières en France, quelles perspectives ?

Equipe AMPLUS : Analyse et Modélisation du champ cultivé PLUrispécifiqueAdoption des pratiques agroforestières en France, quelles perspectives

A Common Role for Various Human Truncated Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Isoforms in the Control of Beta-Catenin Activity and Cell Proliferation

The tumour suppressor gene adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is mutated in most colorectal cancer cases, leading to the synthesis of truncated APC products and the stabilization of β-catenin. Truncated APC is almost always retained in tumour cells, suggesting that it serves an essential function. Here, RNA interference has been used to down-regulate truncated APC in several colorectal cancer cell lines expressing truncated APCs of different lengths, thereby performing an analysis covering most of the mutation cluster region (MCR). The consequences on proliferation in vitro, tumour formation in vivo and the level and transcriptional activity of β-catenin have been investigated. Down-regulation of truncated APC results in an inhibition of tumour cell population expansion in vitro in 6 cell lines out of 6 and inhibition of tumour outgrowth in vivo as analysed in one of these cell lines, HT29. This provides a general rule explaining the retention of truncated APC in colorectal tumours and defines it as a suitable target for therapeutic intervention. Actually, we also show that it is possible to design a shRNA that targets a specific truncated isoform of APC without altering the expression of wild-type APC. Down-regulation of truncated APC is accompanied by an up-regulation of the transcriptional activity of β-catenin in 5 out of 6 cell lines. Surprisingly, the increased signalling is associated in most cases (4 out of 5) with an up-regulation of β-catenin levels, indicating that truncated APC can still modulate wnt signalling through controlling the level of β-catenin. This control can happen even when truncated APC lacks the β-catenin inhibiting domain (CiD) involved in targeting β-catenin for proteasomal degradation. Thus, truncated APC is an essential component of colorectal cancer cells, required for cell proliferation, possibly by adjusting β-catenin signalling to the “just right” level

Association of ultra-rare coding variants with genetic generalized epilepsy: A case\u2013control whole exome sequencing study

Objective: We aimed to identify genes associated with genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) by combining large cohorts enriched with individuals with a positive family history. Secondarily, we set out to compare the association of genes independently with familial and sporadic GGE. Methods: We performed a case\u2013control whole exome sequencing study in unrelated individuals of European descent diagnosed with GGE (previously recruited and sequenced through multiple international collaborations) and ancestry-matched controls. The association of ultra-rare variants (URVs; in 18&nbsp;834 protein-coding genes) with epilepsy was examined in 1928 individuals with GGE (vs. 8578 controls), then separately in 945 individuals with familial GGE (vs. 8626 controls), and finally in 1005 individuals with sporadic GGE (vs. 8621 controls). We additionally examined the association of URVs with familial and sporadic GGE in two gene sets important for inhibitory signaling (19&nbsp;genes encoding \u3b3-aminobutyric acid type A [GABAA] receptors, 113&nbsp;genes representing the GABAergic pathway). Results: GABRG2 was associated with GGE (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.8&nbsp; 7&nbsp;10 125), approaching study-wide significance in familial GGE (p&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.0&nbsp; 7&nbsp;10 126), whereas no gene approached a significant association with sporadic GGE. Deleterious URVs in the most intolerant subgenic regions in genes encoding GABAA receptors were associated with familial GGE (odds ratio [OR]&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.9\u20137.8, false discovery rate [FDR]-adjusted p&nbsp;=.0024), whereas their association with sporadic GGE had marginally lower odds (OR&nbsp;=&nbsp;3.1, 95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.3\u20136.7, FDR-adjusted p&nbsp;=.022). URVs in GABAergic pathway genes were associated with familial GGE (OR&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.8, 95% CI&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.3\u20132.5, FDR-adjusted p&nbsp;=.0024) but not with sporadic GGE (OR&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.3, 95% CI&nbsp;=.9\u20131.9, FDR-adjusted p&nbsp;=.19). Significance: URVs in GABRG2 are likely an important risk factor for familial GGE. The association of gene sets of GABAergic signaling with familial GGE is more prominent than with sporadic GGE

Application of rare variant transmission disequilibrium tests to epileptic encephalopathy trio sequence data

The classic epileptic encephalopathies, including infantile spasms (IS) and Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (LGS), are severe seizure disorders that usually arise sporadically. De novo variants in genes mainly encoding ion channel and synaptic proteins have been found to account for over 15% of patients with IS or LGS. The contribution of autosomal recessive genetic variation, however, is less well understood. We implemented a rare variant transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) to search for autosomal recessive epileptic encephalopathy genes in a cohort of 320 outbred patient–parent trios that were generally prescreened for rare metabolic disorders. In the current sample, our rare variant transmission disequilibrium test did not identify individual genes with significantly distorted transmission over expectation after correcting for the multiple tests. While the rare variant transmission disequilibrium test did not find evidence of a role for individual autosomal recessive genes, our current sample is insufficiently powered to assess the overall role of autosomal recessive genotypes in an outbred epileptic encephalopathy population

Immediate-Use Rescue Medication and the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit: Experiences From an Expert Panel

BACKGROUND: People with epilepsy (PWE) may experience seizure clusters, broadly defined as ≥2 seizures that occur in close proximity. In epilepsy monitoring units (EMUs), seizure clusters can spontaneously occur during long-term videoelectroencephalogram monitoring (LTVEM) or as a result of antiseizure medication dose adjustments. In this survey, we examined the experiences and practices of expert clinicians with seizure clusters in EMUs. METHODS: A 55-item survey was sent to members of an Epilepsy Education Council who are epilepsy experts. Items described experiences, treatment practices, and negative outcomes with seizure clusters in EMUs. RESULTS: Of the 15 experts (aged 43-77 y), 14 are physicians and 1 is an advanced practice provider; 14 work at level 4 epilepsy centers. The definition of seizure cluster varied across experts, from 2 seizures in 1 hour to 3 seizures over 24 hours. Twelve experts prescribe immediate-use rescue medication (RM) during EMU stay, usually a benzodiazepine. An intranasal route is preferred by 11 if intravenous access is unavailable. Nine experts have had a presurgical evaluation compromised owing to seizure clusters during LTVEM, and 12 have cared for PWE who required transfer to a higher-level care (eg, intensive care unit) owing to seizure clusters. Thirteen experts indicated they would follow expert consensus recommendations for immediate-use RMs in the EMU if available. CONCLUSIONS: In the EMU, seizure clusters may compromise presurgical evaluations and require higher levels of care. Consensus recommendations are needed to guide patient-specific treatment practices before, during, and after EMU admission

Development of a unified system for assessing health related quality of life across the cancer care continuum: the EUonQoL Delphi study to identify priorities for quality of life domains

Introduction Cancer and cancer treatment have a major impact on health related quality of life (HRQoL). To improve the assessment of HRQoL in patients with cancer and evaluate the impact of policy interventions, the European Oncology Quality of Life (EUonQoL) project aims at developing a digital, patient centred system to assess HRQoL based on evaluations and preferences of cancer patients and survivors: the EUonQoL-kit. Method Patients across the cancer care continuum, healthcare professionals and researchers from six European countries (Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and United Kingdom) were asked to rate the importance of 44 pre-selected HRQoL subdomains over a maximum of three Delphi survey rounds. We evaluated the importance of HRQoL subdomains for three target populations: patients undergoing active treatment, cancer survivors and patients receiving palliative care. The results were discussed during a consensus meeting. Results 96 patients and 59 healthcare professionals participated in the Delphi study. After three rounds, consensus was reached for 20 subdomains: ability to work, communication with healthcare professionals, diarrhoea, fatigue, fear of recurrence, global health status, impact of treatment side effects, impact on children/family, insomnia, instrumental activities of daily living, maintaining independence, mobility, nausea, overall quality of life, pain, partner relationship, social activity limitations, social isolation, symptom awareness and uncertain prognosis. The subdomains pain and fear of recurrence were rated as important for all three target populations. Conclusion Subdomains that were considered important for the assessment of HRQoL in patients with cancer can be summarised into: physical symptoms, mobility & activity, future outlook, social roles & activities, family & relationships, social isolation, self-efficacy, overall HRQoL, and healthcare experience. The importance of the subdomains differed for patients in different phases of the cancer care continuum. These findings were used for the creation of the first version of the EUonQoL-Kit, as a base for its further development