Heart rate regulation features in young boxers at the age of 12–15 under application of restorative techniques

Перельман Екатерина Борисовна, кандидат биологических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры теории и методики физической культуры и спорта, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), [email protected]. Изаровская Ирина Валерьевна, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры теории и методики физической культуры и спорта, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), [email protected]. Смирнова Лариса Викторовна, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры теории и методики физической культуры и спорта, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), [email protected]. Сумак Елена Николаевна, преподаватель кафедры теории и методики физической культуры и спорта, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), [email protected]. Рычкова Лидия Сергеевна, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, профессор кафедры адаптивной физической культуры, физиологии и биохимии, Южно-Уральский государственный университет (Челябинск), [email protected]. E.B. Perelman, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, [email protected], I.V. Izarovskaya, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, [email protected], L.V. Smirnova, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, [email protected], E.N. Sumak, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, [email protected], L.S. Rychkova, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation, [email protected]Цель исследования – выявить особенности регуляции сердечного ритма юных боксеров 12–15 лет и физиологически обосновать эффективность применения восстановительных технологий на этапе непосредственной подготовки к соревнованиям. Было сформировано две основные группы: 16 боксеров, возраст – 12,30 ± 0,42 года, стаж занятий боксом – 2,50 ± 0,25 лет, и 16 боксеров, возраст – 14,05 ± 0,50 года, стаж занятий – 3,25 ± 0,30 лет, а также две группы контроля, соответствующие по возрасту и количественному составу двум основным группам. С помощью диагностического комплекса «Омега-С» были проведены исследования показателей состояния сердечно-сосудистой системы и медленноволновой вариабельности ритма сердца до, сразу после, через 24 часа после тренировок боевой практики, а также после внедрения в течение четырех недельных микроциклов восстановительных технологий, направленных на улучшение показателей функционального состояния и повышение уровня спортивной результативности юных боксеров по предложенной авторской программе. В состоянии сердечно-сосудистой системы юных боксеров выявлены адаптивные реакции в группе 12–13 лет по показателю адекватности процессов регуляции и вегетативному показателю ритма сердца у 40 % обследуемых, а в группе 14–15 лет по показателям индекса вегетативного равновесия и адекватности процессов регуляции у 25 %. Дезадаптивные реакции в состоянии юных боксеров проявились по показателям вариабельности сердечного ритма у 65 % обследуемых. Функциональное состояние сердечно-сосудистой системы у боксеров 12–15 лет на этапе непосредственной подготовки к соревнованиям характеризуется наличием адаптивных и дезадаптивных реакций организма. При применении восстановительных технологий у юных боксеров происходит повышение адаптационно-компенсаторных возможностей надсегментарных механизмов регуляции ритма сердца. To reveal features of heart rate regulation in young boxers at the age of 12–15 and to provide physiological foundation of restorative techniques applied at the direct pre-contest preparation stage. We formed two main groups: 16 boxers, aged 12.30 ± 0.42, boxing xperience – 2.50 ± 0.25 years, and 16 boxers, aged 14.05 ± 0.50, boxing experience – 3.25 ± 0.30 years, and also two control groups with corresponding number and age of participants. Using diagnostic complex “Omega-S” we performed studies of cardiovascular state parameters and heart rate slow wave variability parameters before, immediately after and in 24 hours after fighting practice training, as well as after restorative techniques had been integrated during four week micro-cycles. The mentioned techniques were aimed at enhancement of functional state indicators and at improvement of sport performance of the young boxers according the suggested original program. We revealed adaptive reactions in cardiovascular state of 12–13-year old boxers in terms of regulation process adequacy and heart rate autonomic indicator in 40 % of the survey sample. The same was revealed in 14–15-year old boxers in terms of autonomic balance and regulation process adequacy in 25 %. Maladaptive reactions in young boxers' state were manifested in terms of heart rate variability in 65 % of the survey sample. Cardiovascular functional state in boxers aged 12–15 at the direct pre-contest preparation stage is specified by presence of adaptive and maladaptive reactions of the body. At restorative technique being applied young boxers show enhanced adaptive and compensatory abilities of suprasegmentary mechanisms of heart rate regulation

A taxonomy of factors affecting attitudes towards educational technologies for use with technology acceptance models

The aim of this theoretical review was to identify the important factors shown to affect attitudes towards use of educational technologies by students or educators in higher education institutions and organise them into broad, intermediate and narrow groupings. This was done to assist the construction of more objective measurement instruments used in the evaluation of educational technologies. A qualitative review of the influential factors that affect user attitudes, intentions and motivations to use educational technologies was conducted, first by interrogating the fundamental behavioural theories underpinning technology acceptance models, and then by exploring the findings of later and contemporary empirical research conducted in the educational context. Identified factors were grouped to produce an ordered taxonomy of measurement constructs. This taxonomy provides each construct’s lineage back through tertiary, secondary and primary taxonomic groups and provides a greater scope of measurement than commonly used models. Seven primary and twenty two secondary and tertiary taxonomic groups were defined, which collectively comprise sixty one measurement constructs. The taxonomy is designed to reduce measurement bias within studies and also acts as a basis for consistent and objective benchmarking within and across institutions. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic Technology acceptance models are derived from a number of foundational behavioural and motivational theories. The TAM and UTAUT are validated models that appraise attitude and/or behavioural intent to use an educational technology, which nonetheless do not cover the entire scope of what has been shown to be important in various studies. There is little consistency from study to study of measurement constructs used in technology acceptance models. What this paper adds Collection and organisation of the salient measurement constructs into a flexible taxonomy. Establishment of a consistent measurement scope that is specifically suited to educational technology research. Establishment of construct lineage that clearly shows similarities and differences between the various constructs. Implications for practice and/or policy The taxonomy supports robust instrument construction to improve both convergent and discriminant validity of measurement models. The taxonomy provides a recommended scope for higher education institutions to measure factors affecting use of various educational technologies. Consistent use of the taxonomy will provide an objective standard that can be used to compare across institutions or within institutions over time, which assist with benchmarking and management decisions. The taxonomy can be used as a framework for meta-analyses or to collate ‘prior’ data to use in Bayesian-type technology evaluation.</p