The Bahmani “currency reform” of the early fifteenth century in light of the Akola hoard

Accepted manuscrip

Wage Differentials Between Native and Foreign Born Canadians

On peut considérer la discrimination sur les marchés du travail dans deux sens différents. Il y a, d'une part, la discrimination fondée sur la recherche du profit maximal. La deuxième forme consiste dans la discrimination en raison du sexe ou de l'origine raciale dans l'embauchage. On peut considérer que le premier type de discrimination fait partie du comportement « normal » d'une entreprise, compte tenu de la situation du marché du travail. La discrimination fondée sur le sexe ou la couleur de la peau repose sur des facteurs qui ne sont pas l'objet de l'analyse économique.Le but de cet article est d'essayer d'estimer les différences de salaire entre les hommes et les femmes suivant qu'ils sont de nationalité canadienne ou d'origine étrangère. Dans son étude, l'Auteur utilise le modèle de capital humain fondamental mis au point par Becker et Mincer pour calculer les rapports dans les gains qui existent entre hommes et femmes en matière de salaire. L'étude utilise les données tirées d'un échantillonnage d'un individu par centaine (1/100) lors du recensement canadien de 1971. Pour obtenir une représentation valable des aubains sur le marché du travail, l'Auteur a choisi la région de Toronto. En limitant ainsi le sous-échantillonnage à cette région, l'Auteur a éliminé plusieurs sources de disparité, ce qui procurait l'avantage d'étudier un marché du travail bien circonscrit.L'Auteur a divisé son étude en quatre chapitres. Le premier traite de l'application pure de la théorie néo-classique. Le deuxième chapitre expose les modèles théoriques de discrimination sociale formulés par Becker. Le troisième chapitre fournit la description d'un modèle de capital humain utilisé pour évaluer les gains horaires des hommes et des femmes ainsi que les données et les spécifications des variables. Enfin, le quatrième chapitre consiste dans un résumé des résultats de régressions.L'Auteur a estimé séparément les valeurs relatives aux gains suivant qu'il s'agissait des autochtones ou des aubains de plus de quinze ans qui faisaient partie à plein temps de la main-d'oeuvre. La variable dépendante dans chaque équation est le logarithme des gains horaires. Dans le modèle de base de capital humain, les variables indépendantes sont l'instruction, l'expérience (sous forme quadratique), la qualification professionnelle et le sexe. L'Auteur a donné plus d'extension au modèle de manière à inclure certaines caractéristiques permettant d'explorer les causes ou les sources de différences de gains entre les autochtones et les aubains. L'instruction et l'expérience sont incluses en tant que variables continues tandis qu'un ensemble de variables problématiques par catégorie y ont été introduites pour refléter l'effet des caractéristiques personnelles. Puisque la variable dépendante est le logarithme naturel des gains, le coefficient de chacune des variables indépendantes est la différence en pourcentage des gains horaires attribuables à cette variable.Le résultat principal de cette étude indique que les différences de gains, suivant le sexe, sont plus accentuées dans le cas des femmes d'extraction étrangère. Dans le modèle de base de capital humain, les femmes nées à l'étranger gagnent 42.07 pour cent de moins que les hommes aussi nés à l'étranger. Dans le modèle tel que mis au point, la différence est abaissée à 39.42 pour cent. Par ailleurs, les femmes de nationalité canadienne gagnent 37.14 pour cent de moins que les hommes d'extraction canadienne. Dans le modèle tel que mis au point, la différence est abaissée à 32.75 pour cent.Les résultats semblent indiquer que les citoyens canadiens touchent un taux plus élevé que les aubains compte tenu de leur degré de scolarité, de leur entraînement au travail et de leur qualification professionnelle. Les variables du capital humain sont, au point de vue statistique, significatives dans l'un et l'autre modèles et dans les deux groupes d'individus. R2 est constamment plus élevé dans le cas des Canadiens nés au pays, ce qui signifie que le modèle de capital humain explique mieux la structure des taux de salaire des Canadiens nés au pays que celle des Canadiens nés à l'étranger.The intent of this paper is to estimate the extent of male-female wage differential in a local labor market among the Native born and Foreign born Canadian

The Bahmani “currency reform” of the early fifteenth century in light of the Akola hoard

Accepted manuscrip

First-principles study of possible shallow donors in ZnAl2O4 spinel

ZnAl2O4 (gahnite) is a ceramic which is considered a possible transparent conducting oxide (TCO) due to its wide band gap and transparency for UV. Defects play an important role in controlling the conductivity of a TCO material along with the dopant, which is the main source of conductivity in an otherwise insulating oxide. A comprehensive first-principles density functional theory study for point defects in ZnAl2O4 spinel is presented using the Heyd, Scuseria, and Ernzerhof hybrid functional (HSE06) to overcome the band gap problem. We have investigated the formation energies of intrinsic defects which include the Zn, Al, and O vacancy and the antisite defects: Zn at the Al site (Zn-Al) and Al at the Zn site (Al-Zn). The antisite defect Al-Zn has the lowest formation energy and acts as a shallow donor, indicating possible n-type conductivity in ZnAl2O4 spinel by Al doping

Far Infrared Study of IRAS 00494+5617 & IRAS 05327-0457

High angular resolution far-infrared observations at 143 & 185 \micron, using the TIFR 1-m balloon borne telescope, are presented for two Galactic star forming complexes associated with IRAS 00494+5617 and 05327-0457. The latter map also reveals the cold dust in OMC-3. The HIRES processed IRAS maps at 12, 25, 60 & 100 micron have also been presented for comparison. Both these regions are illuminated at the edges by high mass stars with substantial UV flux.The present study is aimed at quantifying the role of the nearby stars vis-a-vis embedded young stellar objects in the overall heating of these sources. Based on the FIR observations at 143 & 185 micron carried out simultaneously with almost identical angular resolution, reliable dust temperature and optical depth maps have been generated for the brighter regions of these sources. Radiative transfer modeling in spherical geometry has been carried out to extract physical parameters of these sources by considering the observational constraints like : spectral energy distribution, angular size at different wavelengths, dust temperature distribution etc. It has been concluded that for both IRAS 00494+5617 and IRAS 05327-0457, the embedded energy sources play the major role in heating them with finite contribution from the nearby stars. The best fit model for IRAS 00494+5617 is consistent with a simple two phase clump-interclump picture with $\sim$ 5% volume filling factor (of clumps) and a density contrast of $\approx$ 80

GASP XVIII: Star formation quenching due to AGN feedback in the central region of a jellyfish galaxy

We report evidence for star formation quenching in the central 8.6 kpc region of the jellyfish galaxy JO201 which hosts an active galactic nucleus, while undergoing strong ram pressure stripping. The ultraviolet imaging data of the galaxy disk reveal a region with reduced flux around the center of the galaxy and a horse shoe shaped region with enhanced flux in the outer disk. The characterization of the ionization regions based on emission line diagnostic diagrams shows that the region of reduced flux seen in the ultraviolet is within the AGN-dominated area. The CO J$_{2-1}$ map of the galaxy disk reveals a cavity in the central region. The image of the galaxy disk at redder wavelengths (9050-9250 \overset{\lower.5em\circ}{\mathrm{A}}) reveals the presence of a stellar bar. The star formation rate map of the galaxy disk shows that the star formation suppression in the cavity occurred in the last few 10$^8$ yr. We present several lines of evidence supporting the scenario that suppression of star formation in the central region of the disk is most likely due to the feedback from the AGN. The observations reported here make JO201 a unique case of AGN feedback and environmental effects suppressing star formation in a spiral galaxy.Comment: Author's accepted manuscrip

Human Galectin-9 Is a Potent Mediator of HIV Transcription and Reactivation.

Identifying host immune determinants governing HIV transcription, latency and infectivity in vivo is critical to developing an HIV cure. Based on our recent finding that the host factor p21 regulates HIV transcription during antiretroviral therapy (ART), and published data demonstrating that the human carbohydrate-binding immunomodulatory protein galectin-9 regulates p21, we hypothesized that galectin-9 modulates HIV transcription. We report that the administration of a recombinant, stable form of galectin-9 (rGal-9) potently reverses HIV latency in vitro in the J-Lat HIV latency model. Furthermore, rGal-9 reverses HIV latency ex vivo in primary CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected, ART-suppressed individuals (p = 0.002), more potently than vorinostat (p = 0.02). rGal-9 co-administration with the latency reversal agent "JQ1", a bromodomain inhibitor, exhibits synergistic activity (p<0.05). rGal-9 signals through N-linked oligosaccharides and O-linked hexasaccharides on the T cell surface, modulating the gene expression levels of key transcription initiation, promoter proximal-pausing, and chromatin remodeling factors that regulate HIV latency. Beyond latent viral reactivation, rGal-9 induces robust expression of the host antiviral deaminase APOBEC3G in vitro and ex vivo (FDR<0.006) and significantly reduces infectivity of progeny virus, decreasing the probability that the HIV reservoir will be replenished when latency is reversed therapeutically. Lastly, endogenous levels of soluble galectin-9 in the plasma of 72 HIV-infected ART-suppressed individuals were associated with levels of HIV RNA in CD4+ T cells (p<0.02) and with the quantity and binding avidity of circulating anti-HIV antibodies (p<0.009), suggesting a role of galectin-9 in regulating HIV transcription and viral production in vivo during therapy. Our data suggest that galectin-9 and the host glycosylation machinery should be explored as foundations for novel HIV cure strategies

Far Infrared Observations of the Galactic Star Forming Regions associated with IRAS 00338+6312 and RAFGL 5111

Two Galactic star forming regions, one in a very early phase of evolution and another evolved one, associated with the IRAS sources 00338+6312 and 03595+5110 (RAFGL 5111) respectively have been studied in detail. These sources have been mapped simultaneously in two far infrared bands at 143 & 185 \micron), with about 1.5 arcmin angular resolution, using the TIFR 100 cm balloon borne telescope. The HIRES processed IRAS maps at 12, 25, 60 & 100 \micron, have been used for comparison. Whereas IRAS 00338+6312 is resolved only in the TIFR bands, RAFGL 5111 is very well resolved in both the TIFR bands, as well as in at least 3 IRAS bands. The neighbouring fainter source IRAS 04004+5114 has also been resolved in the TIFR bands. Taking advantage of the identical beams in the two TIFR bands at 143 & 185 \micron, dust colour temperature, $T(143/185)$, and optical depth, $\tau_{150}$, maps have been generated for RAFGL 5111. These maps show interesting structural details. Radiative transfer modelling in spherical geometry has been carried out for individual sources. The best fit models are in good agreement with the observed spectral energy distribution (SED), radio continuum data etc. Another scheme of radiative transfer through the interstellar dust-gas cloud including the heavier elements has been used to predict ionic nebular line emission, which are in reasonable agreement with the measurements for RAFGL 5111. An important conclusion from the present study is that, for all the three sources (IRAS 00338+6312; 03595+5110; and 04004+5114, a faint source in the neighbourhood of RAFGL 5111), the best fit to the observed SED is obtained for a uniform density ($n(r) \sim r^0$) cloud

Effects of magnetic field induced chiral-spin interactions on quasi-one-dimensional spin systems

It is known that in certain non-bipartite quasi-one dimensional spin systems in a magnetic field, in addition to the usual Pauli coupling of the spins to the field, new parity breaking three spin interactions, i.e. chiral spin interactions, are induced at higher order due to virtual processes involving the intrinsic electronic nature of the underlying spins. The strenght of these interactions depend strongly on the orientation of the field, a feature which can be exploited to detect chiral effects experimentally. In many spin systems, these chiral interactions are generated and should be taken into account before any comparison with experiments can be made. We study the effect of the chiral interactions on certain quasi-one-dimensional gapped spin half systems and show that they can potentially alter the physics expected from the Pauli coupling alone. In particular, we demonstrate that these terms alter the universality class of the C-IC transition in spin-tubes. More interestingly, in weakly coupled XX zig-zag ladders, we find that the field induced chiral term can close the singlet gap and drive a second order transition in the non-magnetic singlet sector, which manifests itself as a two component Luttinger liquid-like behaviour in the spin correlation functions. Finally, we discuss the relevance of our results to experiments.Comment: RevTex, 11 pages, 3 figure