Detection of dengue-4 virus in pune, western india after an absence of 30 years - its association with two severe cases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Difference in severity of dengue outbreaks has been related to virus serotype, genotype and clades within genotypes. Till the 1980 s, India and Sri Lanka reported low number of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases despite circulation of all four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV). Since the 1990 s the occurrence of DHF has increased. The increase has been attributed to changes in virus lineage especially with regard to DENV-2 and DENV-3. DENV-1 has been associated with dengue fever (DF) outbreaks and DENV-4 reports have been rare. The emergence of DENV-4 was reported recently in 2003 in Delhi and in 2007 in Hyderabad. The last report of DENV-4 from Maharashtra was in 1975 from Amalner.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report on the detection of DENV-4 in Pune, Maharashtra after an absence of almost 30 years. Two cases were detected in 2009-10, serotyped by multiplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Both the cases were recorded as severe dengue (Category 3) requiring intensive care unit (ICU) level of treatment. Depending on the hemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody titres the 2009 case was characterized as a primary infection and the 2010 case as a secondary infection. Both the cases presented plasma leakage and neither showed any kind of haemorrhage. The 2009 case survived while the 2010 case was fatal. An isolate was obtained from the 2009 case. Based on envelope (E) gene sequence analysis, the virus belonged to genotype I of DENV-4, and clustered with isolates from India and Sri Lanka and was distant from the isolates from Thailand. The nucleotide and amino acid diversity of the E gene of the Indian isolates increased from 1996 to 2007 to 2009 in context of the E gene sequences of other isolates belonging to genotype I.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The increasing diversity in the circulating DENV-4 calls for close monitoring of the DENV-4 serotype.</p

Design and Development of SPM for Face Milling &amp; Two Hole Boring of a CR-22 Block

Abstract: Special purpose machine are widely used for special kind of operations, which are not economical on conventional machines. It is design for getting higher accuracy at desired condition. Face milling in industrial component is followed by a milling process. In the initial core bore is develop on the component with the help of required tool material. A Special Purpose Machine introduced here can be operated manually or automatically, as per the condition or a mechatronic based system can be developed that will work with different speed. A SPM can be developing with two separate units which perform milling &amp; boring operation sequentially. SPM introduced here is automatically start operation by sensing work piece on table; it helps in start &amp; end of cycle. Milling Machine performs first milling operation of face of 105 x 135mm size and then boring machine for ø41.30H 7 × 20mm deep cylinder block. In this the job is machined on two machines and two fixtures are used and operation is performed, hence it takes 10 min. to completion of one job. In this method Bore to face perpendicularity not maintained, so accuracy is low. The production rate is very low due to time required for two times loading and unloading of job, operational accuracy required. The manpower is required is more &amp; skilled. In order to successfully come up with these problems, company decided to develop Special Purpose Machine. It will save production time and increase the production rate

Constraint Faced by Bt Cotton Growers for Control of Pink Bollworm

The present study on knowledge of Bt cotton growers for control of pink bollworm was conducted in Parbhani district of Marathwada region in Maharashtra State. The data were collected through personal interview with the help of interview schedule by contacting 120 respondents. The data was processed by making primary and secondary tables. The distributional analysis pertaining to age of the farmers indicated that (50.00%) of the respondents belonged to middle age category. It was found that, majority (30.00%) of the respondents belonged to primary education category, majority (54.16%) of the respondents had medium level of area under Bt cotton of respondents, 47.50 per cent of the respondents had semi-medium land holding (2.01 to 4.00 ha), 67.50 per cent of the respondents had medium annual income (Rs.98,000 to Rs 2,98,000). While majority (50.00%) of the respondents had medium level of social participation, 50.00 per cent of the respondents had medium economic motivation, larger proportion (50.00%) of the respondents belonged to medium innovativeness, 41.66 per cent of the respondents had medium risk orientation, 55.00 per cent of the respondents had medium level of farming experience, majority (58.33%) of the respondents had medium level of source of information of source of information, 66.68 per cent of the respondents had medium level source of irrigation, 58.33 per cent of the respondents had medium extension contract.</jats:p