Population ecology of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and an imperiled species in Europe

The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus) is both an invasive non-native species in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America and an imperiled species in much of its native range in North America and Europe. To compare and contrast how understanding of population ecology is useful for control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in Europe, we review current understanding of the population ecology of the sea lamprey in its native and introduced range. Some attributes of sea lamprey population ecology are particularly useful for both control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in the native range. First, traps within fish ladders are beneficial for removing sea lampreys in Great Lakes streams and passing sea lampreys in the native range. Second, attractants and repellants are suitable for luring sea lampreys into traps for control in the Great Lakes and guiding sea lamprey passage for conservation in the native range. Third, assessment methods used for targeting sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes are useful for targeting habitat protection in the native range. Last, assessment methods used to quantify numbers of all life stages of sea lampreys would be appropriate for measuring success of control in the Great Lakes and success of conservation in the native range

Improving peak concentrations of a single dose regime of gentamicin in patients with sepsis in the emergency department.

ObjectiveTo achieve an optimal effect in patients with sepsis at the emergency department (ED), the gentamicin peak-concentration should be sufficiently high (i.e. peak-concentration/MIC ≥8-10). ICU patients with sepsis often need higher gentamicin doses to achieve sufficiently high peak-concentrations. The aim of this study is to investigate which dose is needed to reach adequate peak-concentrations in patients presenting with sepsis at the ED.MethodsPatients with sepsis at the ED were included from August 2015 until February 2017. Peak-concentrations were measured in blood 30 minutes after the first gentamicin dose. The study consisted of three phases. In the first phase, peak-concentrations were measured after a standard dose of 5mg/kg. In the second phase, a simulation ((peak-concentration/actual dose) × simulated dose) was performed to determine which dose was needed to reach adequate gentamicin peak-concentrations of ≥16mg/L. In the third phase, peak-concentrations were measured for the best simulated dose.ResultsIn phase one, of 86 patients who received a dose of 5mg/kg, 34 (39.5%) patients did not reach the target peak-concentration of ≥16mg/L, and 73 (84.9%) did not reach ≥20mg/L. In phase two, the simulation showed that with a dose of 7mg/kg 83 (96.5%) patients would reach peak-concentrations ≥16mg/L, and 67 (77.9%) of ≥20mg/L. In phase three, 53 patients received a dose of 7mg/kg, of whom 45 (84.9%) reached peak-concentrations of ≥16mg/L, and 31 (58.5%) of ≥20mg/L.ConclusionPatients with sepsis at the ED need higher doses of gentamicin. A dose of 7mg/kg is needed to achieve adequate peak-concentrations in the majority of patients

Actual (a-5 and a-7) and simulated (s5 –s10) gentamicin peak concentrations in n (%).

Actual (a-5 and a-7) and simulated (s5 –s10) gentamicin peak concentrations in n (%).</p

MIC distributions of positive blood cultures with Gram negative bacteria.

MIC distributions of positive blood cultures with Gram negative bacteria.</p

Monitoring of renal function after the administration of a gentamicin dose of 5 and 7mg/kg.

Monitoring of renal function after the administration of a gentamicin dose of 5 and 7mg/kg.</p

Gentamicin peak concentrations for different actual and simulated doses.

a-5: actual given dose 5 mg/kg (phase 1); a-7: actual given dose 7 mg/kg (phase 3); s-5 –s-7: simulated doses for 5–7 mg/kg (phase 2). The short black line represents the median peak concentration in mg/L of every dose. The long black lines mark the target peak concentration of 16–20 mg/L.</p