Cyclische Bis(amino)-arsa-, -stiba-, -bismachloride und ein spezielles Tris-(amino)bismutan

In den Trichloriden von Arsen, Antimon und Bismut lassen sich jeweils zwei Chloratome durch den Liganden -N(tBu)SiMe2N(tBu)- austauschen, wodurch viergliedrige Ringe (SiN2El) entstehen. Sowohl in Lösung (temperatur- und konzentrationsabhängige 1H-NMR-Spektren) als auch im Festkörper (Röntgenstrukturanalysen) besitzen die Verbindungen 3 (El = As), 4 (El = Sb) bzw. 5 (El = Bi) unterschiedliche Assoziationsgrade bzw. Strukturen. Das Arsenderivat 3 kristallisiert monoklin, in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit 4 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle (a = 920,0(6), b = 1 462,9(9), c = 1240,8(7) pm, = 105,8(1)°), das Antimon- und Bismutderivat 4 und 5 sind isotyp und isostrukturell und kristallisieren ortho-rhombisch (Raumgruppe Pnma, Z = 4; Gitterkonstanten für 4: a = 1140,2(8), b = 1095,7(7), c = 1328,7(9) pm; für 5: a = 1105,1(5), b = 1123,3(5), c = 1340,0(8) pm). Während die Kristallstruktur von 3 im wesentlichen aus isolierten Molekülen besteht, die eine schwache Tendenz zu paarweiser Assoziation besitzen (AsClAs Brücken, AsCl = 234,5(1), ClAs = 442,3(1) pm), sind die Moleküle in den Kristallen von 4 und 5 eindimensional verkettet. Die zu den SbN2Si- bzw. BiN2Si-Ringen nahezu senkrecht stehenden Chlorsubstituenten treten mit Nachbarmolekülen derart in Wechselwirkung, daß jedes Sb- und Bi-Atom vierfach koordiniert wird und eine unendliche ElClElCl-Kette entsteht, die an den Chloratomen gewinkelt ist (4): 143,5°, (5): 145,7°. Die verbrückende Rolle des Chloratoms ist bei der Bi-Verbindung stärker ausgeprägt als bei der Sb-Verbindung (SbCl = 247,2(3), ClSb = 352,1(3) pm; BiCl = 274,8(4), ClBi = 304,7(4) pm). Als Nebenprodukt kann bei der Darstellung von 5, eine Verbindung 6 erhalten werden, die nur Stickstoffatome am Bismut gebunden hat: Me2Si(NtBu)2 BiN(tBu)SiMe2(tBu)NBi(NtBu)2SSiMe2. Diese Verbindung 6 kristallisiert monoklin (P21/c, a = 1474,2(3), b = 1477,6(3), c = 1997,7(6) pm, = 94,68(8)°). Die Abweichung von der C2-Symmetrie bei 6 (die zweizählige Achse verläuft durch die mittlere SiMe2-Gruppe) ist nur unbedeutend. Die BiN-Bindungslängen innerhalb der SiN2Bi-Ringe (BiN (Mittel) = 216,5(5) pm) sind kürzer als die außerhalb (BiN (Mittel) = 220,45(5) pm)

Darstellung und Strukturen von Chlorostannaten(II). - II : Neue Chlorostannate(II) von zweiwertigen Kationen

Metall(II)-chloride MCl2 (M Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mg) setzen sich mit SnCl2 in Acetonitril im Molverhältnis 1:2 zu Verbindungen [M(CH3CN)6](SnCl3)2 · 2CH3CN (1a-e) bzw. im Molverhältnis 1:3 zu Verbindungen [M(CH3CN)6](SnCl3)(SnCl3) · l/2 CH3CN (2a-e) um. Die Verbindung [Co(CH3CN)6](SnCl3)2 · 2CH3CN (1a) kristallisiert monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/n, Z = 2 (a = 8,401(7), b = 16,30(2), c = 12,90(1) Å, = 107,00(8)°); die Verbindungen 1b-e sind hierzu isotyp. In 1a treten die SnCl3--Ionen zu Paaren zusammen. Die Verbindung [Ni(CH3CN)6](Sn2Cl5)(SnCl3) · 1/2 CH3CN (2a) kristallisiert im triklinen Kristallsystem, Raumgruppe P, Z = 2 (a = 8,69(1), b = 12,91(2), c = 16,81(1)Å, = 71,0(1)°, = 89,9(l)°, = 71,4(1)°); die Verbindungen 2b-e sind zu 2a isotyp. In 2a sind je 2 SnCl3-- und Sn2Cl5--Ionen über schwache SnCl-Kontakte zu anionischen Aggregaten der Form [(Sn2Cl5)2(SnCl3)2]4- verknüpft

Growth and Characterization of Ce- Substituted Nd2Fe14B Single Crystals

Single crystals of (Nd1-xCex)2Fe14B are grown out of Fe-(Nd,Ce) flux. Chemical and structural analysis of the crystals indicates that (Nd1-xCex)2Fe14B forms a solid solution until at least x = 0.38 with a Vegard-like variation of the lattice constants with x. Refinements of single crystal neutron diffraction data indicate that Ce has a slight site preference (7:3) for the 4g rare earth site over the 4f site. Magnetization measurements show that for x = 0.38 the saturation magnetization at 400 K, a temperature important to applications, falls from 29.8 for the parent Nd2Fe14B to 27.6 (mu)B/f.u., the anisotropy field decreases from 5.5 T to 4.7 T, and the Curie temperature decreases from 586 to 543 K. First principles calculations carried out within density functional theory are used to explain the decrease in magnetic properties due to Ce substitution. Though the presence of the lower-cost and more abundant Ce slightly affects these important magnetic characteristics, this decrease is not large enough to affect a multitude of applications. Ce-substituted Nd2Fe14B is therefore a potential high-performance permanent magnet material with substantially reduced Nd content.Comment: 11 Pages, 8 figures, 5 table

Generic Fibrational Induction

This paper provides an induction rule that can be used to prove properties of data structures whose types are inductive, i.e., are carriers of initial algebras of functors. Our results are semantic in nature and are inspired by Hermida and Jacobs' elegant algebraic formulation of induction for polynomial data types. Our contribution is to derive, under slightly different assumptions, a sound induction rule that is generic over all inductive types, polynomial or not. Our induction rule is generic over the kinds of properties to be proved as well: like Hermida and Jacobs, we work in a general fibrational setting and so can accommodate very general notions of properties on inductive types rather than just those of a particular syntactic form. We establish the soundness of our generic induction rule by reducing induction to iteration. We then show how our generic induction rule can be instantiated to give induction rules for the data types of rose trees, finite hereditary sets, and hyperfunctions. The first of these lies outside the scope of Hermida and Jacobs' work because it is not polynomial, and as far as we are aware, no induction rules have been known to exist for the second and third in a general fibrational framework. Our instantiation for hyperfunctions underscores the value of working in the general fibrational setting since this data type cannot be interpreted as a set.Comment: For Special Issue from CSL 201

Electrophysiological Guidance of Epidural Electrode Array Implantation over the Human Lumbosacral Spinal Cord to Enable Motor Function after Chronic Paralysis.

Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) of the spinal cord has been shown to restore function after spinal cord injury (SCI). Characterization of EES-evoked motor responses has provided a basic understanding of spinal sensorimotor network activity related to EES-enabled motor activity of the lower extremities. However, the use of EES-evoked motor responses to guide EES system implantation over the spinal cord and their relation to post-operative EES-enabled function in humans with chronic paralysis attributed to SCI has yet to be described. Herein, we describe the surgical and intraoperative electrophysiological approach used, followed by initial EES-enabled results observed in 2 human subjects with motor complete paralysis who were enrolled in a clinical trial investigating the use of EES to enable motor functions after SCI. The 16-contact electrode array was initially positioned under fluoroscopic guidance. Then, EES-evoked motor responses were recorded from select leg muscles and displayed in real time to determine electrode array proximity to spinal cord regions associated with motor activity of the lower extremities. Acceptable array positioning was determined based on achievement of selective proximal or distal leg muscle activity, as well as bilateral muscle activation. Motor response latencies were not significantly different between intraoperative recordings and post-operative recordings, indicating that array positioning remained stable. Additionally, EES enabled intentional control of step-like activity in both subjects within the first 5 days of testing. These results suggest that the use of EES-evoked motor responses may guide intraoperative positioning of epidural electrodes to target spinal cord circuitry to enable motor functions after SCI

2-Oxo-N-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-sulfonamides as activators of the tumor cell specific M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase

Compared to normal differentiated cells, cancer cells have altered metabolic regulation to support biosynthesis and the expression of the M2 isozyme of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) plays an important role in this anabolic metabolism. While the M1 isoform is a highly active enzyme, the alternatively spliced M2 variant is considerably less active and expressed in tumors. While the exact mechanism by which decreased pyruvate kinase activity contributes to anabolic metabolism remains unclear, it is hypothesized that activation of PKM2 to levels seen with PKM1 may promote a metabolic program that is not conducive to cell proliferation. Here we report the third chemotype in a series of PKM2 activators based on the 2-oxo-N-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline-6-sulfonamide scaffold. The synthesis, structure activity relationships, selectivity and notable physiochemical properties are described.National Human Genome Research Institute (U.S.) (Molecular Libraries Initiative of the NIH Roadmap for Medical Research

In Situ Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Studies of Lithium-Oxygen Redox Reactions

The lack of fundamental understanding of the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in nonaqueous electrolytes significantly hinders the development of rechargeable lithium-air batteries. Here we employ a solid-state Li4+xTi5O12/LiPON/LixV2O5 cell and examine in situ the chemistry of Li-O2 reaction products on LixV2O5 as a function of applied voltage under ultra high vacuum (UHV) and at 500 mtorr of oxygen pressure using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS). Under UHV, lithium intercalated into LixV2O5 while molecular oxygen was reduced to form lithium peroxide on LixV2O5 in the presence of oxygen upon discharge. Interestingly, the oxidation of Li2O2 began at much lower overpotentials (~240 mV) than the charge overpotentials of conventional Li-O2 cells with aprotic electrolytes (~1000 mV). Our study provides the first evidence of reversible lithium peroxide formation and decomposition in situ on an oxide surface using a solid-state cell, and new insights into the reaction mechanism of Li-O2 chemistry.National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC) Program, Award DMR-0819762)United States. Dept. of Energy (Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies of the U. S. Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC03-76SF00098)Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryUnited States. Dept. of Energy (Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering

Effective passivation of crystalline silicon surfaces by ultrathin atomic-layer-deposited TiOx layers

We characterize the surface passivation properties of ultrathin titanium oxide (TiOx) films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) on crystalline silicon by means of carrier lifetime measurements. We compare different silicon surface treatments prior to TiOx deposition, such as native silicon oxide (SiOy), chemically grown SiOy and thermally grown SiOy. The best passivation quality is achieved with a native SiOy grown over 4 months and a TiOx layer thickness of 5 nm, resulting in an effective lifetime of 1.2 ms on 1.3 Ωcm p-type float-zone silicon. The measured maximum lifetime corresponds to an implied open-circuit voltage (iVoc) of 710 mV. For thinner TiOx layers the passivation quality is reduced, however, samples passivated with only 2 nm of TiOx still show a lifetime of 612 μs and an iVoc of 694 mV. The contact resistivity of the TiOx including the SiOy interlayer between the silicon wafer and the TiOx is below 0.8 Ωcm2. The combination of excellent surface passivation and low contact resistivity has the potential for silicon solar cells with efficiencies exceeding 26%