‘Procedes Huc’: Voltaire, Newton, and Locke in Lettres Philosophiques

In Lettres philosophiques, Letter XIII is devoted to Locke, as are Letters XIV–XVII to Newton. The ordering of these letters is not adequately explained by comparing the dates of birth or death of the two thinkers. For the Letter on Locke not only precedes but also ‘frames’ those on Newton, in the sense that it provides the reader with a guide through the philosophical intricacies of Letters XIV–XVII. This works in two ways. On the one hand, in order to defend Newton against his detractors Voltaire broadly adopts Locke’s perspective on the relation among words, ideas and things. On the other hand, he subtly and misleadingly grafts Locke’s epistemology onto the Principia, though it differs from Newton’s epistemology in significant respects. For Locke, unlike Newton, holds that we can identify fixed, permanent limits concerning what kind of thing humanity can know of matter and the universe. Voltaire presents Newton’s ideas as though they respected Locke’s limits. However, we can glimpse Voltaire’s own attitude in the final words of Letter XV: ‘Procedes huc, et non ibis amplius’: Voltaire agrees more closely with Locke than Newton concerning the limits of epistemology

Job Seekers\u27 Awareness towards the Public Employment Services of the Local Government Unit of Tangub City

This study aimed to assess the level of awareness among recent graduates of Northern Mindanao State College (NMSC) and Tangub City Global College (TCGC) towards the services offered by the Public Employment Service Office (PESO) of Tangub City. Specifically, the study investigates awareness of referral and placement, labor market information, employment coaching, and job fair programs. A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing a modified questionnaire administered to 466 recent graduates selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, particularly weighted mean. The findings revealed that while the respondents were aware of PESO\u27s referral and placement, employment coaching and career counseling, and job fair services, their awareness of labor market information was relatively low. These insights highlight the need for PESO to enhance its information dissemination strategies to improve understanding, particularly regarding labor market trends and opportunities

Level of Interest Toward Career Exploration Among Grade 12 Students

This study aims to determine the student's level of interest in career exploration and to report qualitative data on classroom advisers’ insights in increasing the student’s interest in career exploration. The study utilized the concurrent mixed methods research design. Warfa (2017) described concurrent mixed methods design as a research method that gathers both qualitative and quantitative data and will be collected simultaneously. The results revealed that the respondents strongly agreed with the reaction to career exploration. It also shows that, out of all the elements of career exploration, the exploration process is the least prevalent. This suggests a significant level of student interest in exploring career options at Tangub City National High School. The findings also suggest that the students are curious to explore their professional options. Furthermore, class advisers also suggested that colleges offer scholarships and conduct career campaigns to promote different career paths. It was concluded that one of the factors affecting students' interest in career exploration is financial support. Students find it difficult to explore career options due to limited financial resources which further hinders them from choosing the career they prefer to pursue

KabULOhan: Paggamit ng Pag-uulo ng Balita sa Paglalagom

Sa pagbabasá, isa sa mga suliranin ang kahabaan ng binabása ng mga mag-aaral. Ito ay nagdudulot ng kawalan ng interes at pag-ayaw nila sa nasabing gawain. Dahilan din ito kung bakit nababawasan ang pag-unawa o komprehensiyon ng mga mag-aaral sa tekstong binabása. Gayundin, nagiging sagabal ito sa pagpapaunlad ng kasanayan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagbabasá. Nakita ng mga mananaliksik na ang kakayahan sa pag-uulo ng balita na malaki ang kaugnayan sa paglalagom ng teksto ay maaaring maging lunsaran sa pagbibigay ng diwa ng babasáhin kahit hindi pa ito nababása sa kabuoan ng mga mag-aaral. Matapos ang pangangalap at pagbibigay-interpretasyon sa mga datos, napatunayan ng pag-aaral na: 1. Ang pag-uulo ng balita at paglalagom ng tekstong binása ay dalawang magkaugnay na kasanayan sapagkat ang mga ito ay may magkakaparehong hakbang gaya ng pag-unawa sa teksto, pag-alam sa pangunahing kaisipan nito, paghihimay ng mga bahagi, pagtukoy sa malalaking bahagi na nagdadala ng kahulugan, at paghahanay ng kaisipan mula sa malaki papaliit; 2. Sa pamamagitan ng paggamit ng mga napapanahong balita bílang lunsaran, higit na mapapaunlad ang kakayahan ng mga mag-aaral sa paglalagom ng tekstong binása at pagbibigay-pamagat nito; at 3. Magagamit ang kawilihan na idudulot ng pag-uugnay sa dalawang kasanayan na paglalagom ng teksto at pag-uulo ng balita upang higit na malinang ang kahusayan ng mga mag-aaral sa dalawang nabanggit na kasanayan

Validity of willingness to pay measures under preference uncertainty

This paper is part of the project ACCEPT, which is funded by the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (grant number 01LA1112A). The publication of this article was funded by the Open Access fund of the Leibniz Association. All data is available on the project homepage (https://www.ifw-kiel.de/forschung/umwelt/projekte/accept) and from Figshare (https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3113050.v1).Recent studies in the marketing literature developed a new method for eliciting willingness to pay (WTP) with an open-ended elicitation format: the Range-WTP method. In contrast to the traditional approach of eliciting WTP as a single value (Point-WTP), Range-WTP explicitly allows for preference uncertainty in responses. The aim of this paper is to apply Range-WTP to the domain of contingent valuation and to test for its theoretical validity and robustness in comparison to the Point-WTP. Using data from two novel large-scale surveys on the perception of solar radiation management (SRM), a little-known technique for counteracting climate change, we compare the performance of both methods in the field. In addition to the theoretical validity (i.e. the degree to which WTP values are consistent with theoretical expectations), we analyse the test-retest reliability and stability of our results over time. Our evidence suggests that the Range-WTP method clearly outperforms the Point-WTP method.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Determinants of Non-Participation in Women’s Associations: A Qualitative Inquiry in Bonifacio, Misamis Occidental

This study was conducted to determine the reasons for the non-participation of members of the association\u27s programs and activities. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach and semi-structured interviews with 20 non-participating members from four barangays, this study identified key reasons for non-participation, including familial responsibilities, political divisions, poor leadership, interpersonal conflict, and perceived unfair distribution of benefits. The analysis revealed that familial responsibilities, political issues, and leadership deficiencies were the most significant barriers to participation. Moreover, the study also identified factors that could encourage the members to actively participate in the association\u27s programs and activities, including providing financial assistance, celebrating women\u27s month activities, providing livelihood programs, and the wide dissemination of information by the officers in charge. The study suggests that Women\u27s Associations must improve leadership and communication that will foster inclusivity and ensure equitable resource distribution

Observed Hemispheric Asymmetry in Stratospheric Transport Trends From 1994 to 2018

©2020. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Total columns of the trace gases nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrogen chloride (HCl) are sensitive to variations in the lower stratospheric age of air, a quantity that describes transport time scales in the stratosphere. Analyses of HNO3 and HCl columns from the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change panning 77°S to 79°N have detected changes in the extratropical stratospheric transport circulation from 1994 to 2018. The HNO3 and HCl analyses combined with the age of air from a simulation using the MERRA2 reanalysis show that the Southern Hemisphere lower stratosphere has become 1 month/decade younger relative to the Northern Hemisphere, largely driven by the Southern Hemisphere transport circulation. The analyses reveal multiyear anomalies with a 5- to 7-year period driven by interactions between the circulation and the quasi-biennial oscillation in tropical winds. This hitherto unrecognized variability is large relative to hemispheric transport trends and may bias ozone trend regressions

Characterizing model errors in chemical transport modeling of methane: impact of model resolution in versions v9-02 of GEOS-Chem and v35j of its adjoint model

The GEOS-Chem simulation of atmospheric CH$_{4}$ was evaluated against observations from the Thermal and Near Infrared Sensor for Carbon Observations Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) on the Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT), the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS), and the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). We focused on the model simulations at the 4°×5° and 2°×2.5° horizontal resolutions for the period of February–May 2010. Compared to the GOSAT, TCCON, and ACE-FTS data, we found that the 2°×2.5° model produced a better simulation of CH$_{4}$, with smaller biases and a higher correlation to the independent data. We found large resolution-dependent differences such as a latitude-dependent XCH$_{4}$ bias, with higher column abundances of CH$_{4}$ at high latitudes and lower abundances at low latitudes at the 4°×5° resolution than at 2°×2.5°. We also found large differences in CH$_{4}$ column abundances between the two resolutions over major source regions such as China. These differences resulted in up to 30 % differences in inferred regional CH$_{4}$ emission estimates from the two model resolutions. We performed several experiments using 222Rn, 7Be, and CH$_{4}$ to determine the origins of the resolution-dependent errors. The results suggested that the major source of the latitude-dependent errors is excessive mixing in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, including mixing at the edge of the polar vortex, which is pronounced at the 4°×5° resolution. At the coarser resolution, there is weakened vertical transport in the troposphere at midlatitudes to high latitudes due to the loss of sub-grid tracer eddy mass flux in the storm track regions. The vertical air mass fluxes are calculated in the model from the degraded coarse-resolution wind fields and the model does not conserve the air mass flux between model resolutions; as a result, the low resolution does not fully capture the vertical transport. This produces significant localized discrepancies, such as much greater CH$_{4}$ abundances in the lower troposphere over China at 4°×5° than at 2°×2.5°. Although we found that the CH$_{4}$ simulation is significantly better at 2°×2.5° than at 4°×5°, biases may still be present at 2°×2.5° resolution. Their importance, particularly in regards to inverse modeling of CH$_{4}$ emissions, should be evaluated in future studies using online transport in the native general circulation model as a benchmark simulation

Retrieval of atmospheric CO2 with enhanced accuracy and precision from SCIAMACHY: validation with FTS measurements and comparison with model results

The Bremen Optimal Estimation differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) (BESD) algorithm for satellite based retrievals of XCO 2 (the column-average dry-air mole fraction of atmospheric CO 2) has been applied to Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) data. It uses measurements in the O 2-A absorption band to correct for scattering of undetected clouds and aerosols. Comparisons with precise and accurate ground-based Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) measurements at four Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) sites have been used to quantify the quality of the new SCIAMACHY XCO 2 data set. Additionally, the results have been compared to NOAA\u27s assimilation system CarbonTracker. The comparisons show that the new retrieval meets the expectations from earlier theoretical studies. We find no statistically significant regional XCO 2 biases between SCIAMACHY and the FTS instruments. However, the standard error of the systematic differences is in the range of 0.2 ppm and 0.8 ppm. The XCO 2 single-measurement precision of 2.5 ppm is similar to theoretical estimates driven by instrumental noise. There are no significant differences found for the year-to-year increase as well as for the average seasonal amplitude between SCIAMACHY XCO 2 and the collocated FTS measurements. Comparison of the year-to-year increase and also of the seasonal amplitude of CarbonTracker exhibit significant differences with the corresponding FTS values at Darwin. Here the differences between SCIAMACHY and CarbonTracker are larger than the standard error of the SCIAMACHY values. The difference of the seasonal amplitude exceeds the significance level of 2 standard errors. Therefore, our results suggest that SCIAMACHY may provide valuable additional information about XCO 2, at least in regions with a low density of in situ measurements. Copyright 2011 by the American Geophysical Union