Las órdenes militares en la cruzada granadina de Alfonso el Benigno (1329-1334)

A la memoria de la Dra. Regina Sainz de la MazaEn este estudio se recupera la investigación las Órdenes militares catalanoaragonesas durante el siglo XIV. El interés del trabajo radica en el hecho de que en él se considera, de manera conjunta, la actuación en la cruzada de las cuatro Órdenes militares enclavadas en territorio catalanoaragonés, lo cual permite observar tanto su distinto grado de participación como la diferente actitud del monarca hacia cada una de ellas.Peer reviewe

Creation of a structured molecular genomics report for Germany as a local adaption of HL7's Genomic Reporting Implementation Guide

OBJECTIVE:The objective w:as to develop a dataset definition, information model, and FHIR® specification for key data elements contained in a German molecular genomics (MolGen) report to facilitate genomic and phenotype integration in electronic health records. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dedicated expert group participating in the German Medical Informatics Initiative reviewed information contained in MolGen reports, determined the key elements, and formulated a dataset definition. HL7’s Genomics Reporting Implementation Guide (IG) was adopted as a basis for the FHIR® specification which was subjected to a public ballot. In addition, elements in the MolGen dataset were mapped to the fields defined in ISO/TS 20428:2017 standard to evaluate compliance. RESULTS: A core dataset of 76 data elements, clustered into 6 categories was created to represent all key information of German MolGen reports. Based on this, a FHIR specification with 16 profiles, 14 derived from HL7®’s Genomics Reporting IG and 2 additional profiles (of the FamilyMemberHistory and RiskAssessment resources), was developed. Five example resource bundles show how our adaptation of an international standard can be used to model MolGen report data that was requested following oncological or rare disease indications. Furthermore, the map of the MolGen report data elements to the fields defined by the ISO/TC 20428:2017 standard, confirmed the presence of the majority of required fields. CONCLUSIONS: Our report serves as a template for other research initiatives attempting to create a standard format for unstructured genomic report data. Use of standard formats facilitates integration of genomic data into electronic health records for clinical decision support

Human plague: An old scourge that needs new answers

Yersinia pestis, the bacterial causative agent of plague, remains an important threat to human health. Plague is a rodent-borne disease that has historically shown an outstanding ability to colonize and persist across different species, habitats, and environments while provoking sporadic cases, outbreaks, and deadly global epidemics among humans. Between September and November 2017, an outbreak of urban pneumonic plague was declared in Madagascar, which refocused the attention of the scientific community on this ancient human scourge. Given recent trends and plague’s resilience to control in the wild, its high fatality rate in humans without early treatment, and its capacity to disrupt social and healthcare systems, human plague should be considered as a neglected threat. A workshop was held in Paris in July 2018 to review current knowledge about plague and to identify the scientific research priorities to eradicate plague as a human threat. It was concluded that an urgent commitment is needed to develop and fund a strong research agenda aiming to fill the current knowledge gaps structured around 4 main axes: (i) an improved understanding of the ecological interactions among the reservoir, vector, pathogen, and environment; (ii) human and societal responses; (iii) improved diagnostic tools and case management; and (iv) vaccine development. These axes should be cross-cutting, translational, and focused on delivering context-specific strategies. Results of this research should feed a global control and prevention strategy within a “One Health” approach

Scaling behaviour in Rayleigh–Bénard convection with and without rotation

AbstractRotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection provides a simplified dynamical analogue for many planetary and stellar fluid systems. Here, we use numerical simulations of rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection to investigate the scaling behaviour of five quantities over a range of Rayleigh ($1{0}^{3} \lesssim \mathit{Ra}\lesssim 1{0}^{9}$), Prandtl ($1\leq \mathit{Pr}\leq 100$) and Ekman ($1{0}^{- 6} \leq E\leq \infty$) numbers. The five quantities of interest are the viscous and thermal boundary layer thicknesses, ${\delta }_{v}$ and ${\delta }_{T}$, mean temperature gradients, $\beta$, characteristic horizontal length scales, $\ell$, and flow speeds, $\mathit{Pe}$. Three parameter regimes in which different scalings apply are quantified: non-rotating, weakly rotating and rotationally constrained. In the rotationally constrained regime, all five quantities are affected by rotation. In the weakly rotating regime, ${\delta }_{T}$, $\beta$ and $\mathit{Pe}$, roughly conform to their non-rotating behaviour, but ${\delta }_{v}$ and $\ell$ are still strongly affected by the Coriolis force. A summary of scaling results is given in table 2.</jats:p

Ethical Considerations and Anthropology: the MSF Experience

This chapter outlines four ethical deliberations pertinent to the practice of social science with a focus on anthropology in humanitarian settings. The first looks at the persistent problem of how anthropology is framed within the historical, biomedical foundation and the methodological challenges therein. Second, we elaborate on who benefits from anthropological endeavours in times of acute crisis, epidemic or mass displacement, and why ethical considerations should be different in these situations. Third, we share descriptions of how ethics are navigated by social scientists within Médecins Sans Frontières, giving examples of the delicate negotiations required to manage the research. Finally, we discuss a way forward to emphasise a ‘bottom up’ framing of ethical challenges for anthropologists working in humanitarian settings

Secure, safe, sustainable and ethical food systems

Defining and facilitating the transition to safe, sustainable and ethical food systems that contribute to human and planetary health is amongst the greatest challenges facing our world today (Alders 2017, FAO et al 2017, Glopan 2014). Agriculture and the food system play a key role in nutrition, health and food security. It provides for the primary sources of energy along with essential nutrients, while simultaneously being a source of income, creating jobs and earning foreign exchange (Schönfeldt et al 2017). Focussing on producing enough calories per person to feed all, food systems in the 20th century responded with an enormous increase in the quantity of food produced and witnessed the globalisation of agricultural commodities and food products. At the start of the 21st century, food systems had also delivered the double burden of under and over nutrition, contributed to degradation of ecosystems, resulted in farming families becoming the working poor and perpetuated women carrying the major burden of health problemsand poverty (Conway 2012, Demaio and Rockström 2015, Whitmee et al 2015). To achieve nutritious, secure, safe, sustainable and ethical food systems, the interlinkages between all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) must be explored and optimalised. Planetary Health, defined as ‘the health of human civilization and the state of the natural systems on which it depends’ (Whitmee et al 2015), provides a solid framework to guide this transformation