Fig. S4. Comparisons of strain rate of the four cross-veins under different stretching speeds. from The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust <i>Locusta migratoria</i> under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests

(a) 0.1 mm/s; (b) 0.01 mm/s; (c) 0.001 mm/s. The results are shown as mean+SD

data from The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust <i>Locusta migratoria</i> under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests

Locust Locusta migratoria exhibits remarkable aerial performances, relying predominantly on its hind wings that generate most of lift and thrust for flight. The mechanical properties of the cross-veins determine the deformation of the hind wing, which greatly affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping flight. However, whether the mechanical behaviours of the locust cross-veins change with loading rate is still unknown. In this study, cross-veins in four physiological regions (anterior–medial, anterior–lateral, posterior–medial and posterior–lateral) of the hind wing from adult locusts were investigated using uniaxial tensile test, stress relaxation test and fluorescence microscopy. It was found that the cross-veins were a type of viscoelastic material (including rate-independent elastic modulus and obvious stress relaxation). The cross-veins in the two anterior regions of the hind wing had significantly higher elastic moduli and higher ultimate tensile stress than those of its two posterior regions. This difference might be attributed to different resilin distributed patterns in the cross-veins. These findings furnish new insights into the mechanical characteristics of the locust cross-veins, which might deepen our understanding of the aerodynamic mechanisms of locust flapping flight

Fig. S3. Comparisons of ultimate tensile stress of the cross-vein under different stretching speeds. from The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust <i>Locusta migratoria</i> under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests

(a) AL region; (b) AM region; (c) PL region; (d) PM region. The high, medium, and low stretching velocities are 0.1mm/s, 0.01mm/s, and 0.001mm/s, respectively

Supplementary materials from The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust <i>Locusta migratoria</i> under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests

Locust Locusta migratoria exhibits remarkable aerial performances, relying predominantly on its hind wings that generate most of lift and thrust for flight. The mechanical properties of the cross-veins determine the deformation of the hind wing, which greatly affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping flight. However, whether the mechanical behaviours of the locust cross-veins change with loading rate is still unknown. In this study, cross-veins in four physiological regions (anterior–medial, anterior–lateral, posterior–medial and posterior–lateral) of the hind wing from adult locusts were investigated using uniaxial tensile test, stress relaxation test and fluorescence microscopy. It was found that the cross-veins were a type of viscoelastic material (including rate-independent elastic modulus and obvious stress relaxation). The cross-veins in the two anterior regions of the hind wing had significantly higher elastic moduli and higher ultimate tensile stress than those of its two posterior regions. This difference might be attributed to different resilin distributed patterns in the cross-veins. These findings furnish new insights into the mechanical characteristics of the locust cross-veins, which might deepen our understanding of the aerodynamic mechanisms of locust flapping flight

Fig. S2. Comparisons of ultimate tensile strain of the cross-vein under different stretching speeds. from The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust <i>Locusta migratoria</i> under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests

(a) AL region; (b) AM region; (c) PL region; (d) PM region. The high, medium, and low stretching velocities are 0.1mm/s, 0.01mm/s, and 0.001mm/s, respectively

Fig. S1. Comparisons of elastic modulus of the cross-vein under different stretching speeds. from The mechanical properties of different cross-veins in the hind wing of locust <i>Locusta migratoria</i> under uniaxial tensile and stress relaxation tests

(a) AL region; (b) AM region; (c) PL region; (d) PM region. The high, medium, and low stretching velocities are 0.1mm/s, 0.01mm/s, and 0.001mm/s, respectively

A New Stress-Based Formulation for Modeling Notched Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

Laminated plates are often modeled with infinite dimensions in terms of the so-called Whitney&ndash;Nuismer (WN) stress criteria, which form a theoretical basis for predicting the residual properties of open-hole structures. Based upon the WN stress criteria, this study derived a new formulation involving finite width; the effects of notch shape and size on the applicability of new formulae and the tensile properties of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates were investigated via experimental and theoretical analyses. The specimens were prepared by using laminates reinforced by plain woven carbon fiber fabrics and machined with or without an open circular hole or a straight notch. Standard tensile tests were performed and measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) technique, aiming to characterize the full-field surface strain. Continuum damage mechanics (CDMs)-based finite element models were developed to predict the stress concentration factors and failure processes of notched specimens. The characteristic distances in the stress criterion models were calibrated using the experimental results of un-notched and notched specimens, such that the failure of carbon fiber laminates with or without straight notches could be analytically predicted. The experimental results demonstrated well the effectiveness of the present formulations. The new formula provides an effective approach to implementing a finite-width stress criterion for evaluating the tensile properties of notched fiber-reinforced laminates. In addition, the notch size has a great effect on strength prediction while the fiber direction has a great influence on the fracture mode

Alpha EEG Spectral Characteristics in the Parieto-Occipital lobe of Elderly Patients with Chronic Insomnia and Mild Cognitive Impairment

ObjectiveAnalysis of Alpha Spectral Characteristics in the Parieto-Occipital lobe of Elderly Individuals with Chronic Insomnia and Mild Cognitive Impairment （MCI）.MethodsEighty elderly individuals with chronic insomnia and mild cognitive impairment （MCI） were selected from the community in Fuzhou, Fujian Province, from June 2019 to December 2020. This included a healthy control group （HC） of30 individuals, a chronic insomnia group （CI） of 20 individuals, and a chronic insomnia with MCI group （CI-MCI） of 30 individuals. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index （PSQI） was used to assess sleep quality, while the Fuzhou version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment （MoCA） was employed to evaluate cognitive functions, including visuospatial execution, naming, attention, verbal fluency, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation. Daytime resting-state electroencephalography （EEG） was collected using the Neuroscan synchronous EEG recording system, comparing the power values and trends of alpha waves （8–13 Hz） across channels in the occipital lobe. Additionally, we analyzed the changes in alpha spectral power in relation to cognitive functions.Results（1）PSQI scores：Compared to the HC group, the daytime functional impairment scores in the CI-MCI group were significantly higher, with a statistically significant difference （P &lt;0. 05）. The total PSQI scores, sleep quality, sleep onset latency, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbance scores were significantly higher in the CI group and the CI-MCI group, while the use of hypnotics score was significantly reduced, with statistically significant differences （P &lt;0. 05）. （2）MoCA scores：Compared to the HC and CI groups, the CI-MCI group exhibited significantly lower total MoCA scores, as well as reductions in visuospatial execution, naming, attention, verbal fluency, delayed recall, and orientation, with statistically significant differences （P &lt;0. 05）. （3）EEG spectral characteristics：Compared to the HC group, the CI-MCI group showed significantly increased alpha spectral power at sites P1, P6, POZ, PO4, and PO6 in the Parieto-Occipital lobe, with statistically significant differences （P &lt;0. 05）. Additionally, the topographical maps of the alpha spectral power in the parietal and occipital lobes were notably stronger in the CI-MCI group compared to the HC group. （4）Correlation between changes in occipital alpha spectral power and cognitive function：The alpha spectral power at site P6 in the right parietal lobe （r =0. 444, P =0. 023）, at site POZ in the occipital lobe （r =0. 444, P =0. 023）, and at site PO4 in the right parietal lobe （r =0. 478, P =0. 014） all showed a positive correlation with visuospatial executive function.ConclusionThe changes in Parieto-Occipital lobe alpha spectral power are indicative of cognitive impairment in elderly individuals with chronic insomnia and mild cognitive impairment （MCI）. Moreover, Parieto-Occipital lobe alpha spectral power can modulate cognitive function in this population

Can the Integration of Rural Industries Help Strengthen China’s Agricultural Economic Resilience?

Rural industrial integration is the key to promoting the development of rural industrial restructuring and modernization, and plays a vital role in improving agricultural economic resilience. Based on the evaluation index system of agricultural economic resilience and the level of rural industrial integration development, respectively, this paper uses panel data from 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2000 to 2020 to empirically test the impact of rural industrial integration development on agricultural economic resilience by using an individual fixed-effects model and a mediating-effects model. The results show that rural industrial integration significantly contributes to enhancing agricultural economic resilience, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests. There is dimensional and regional heterogeneity in the impact of rural industrial integration on agricultural economic resilience, and the strength of the promotion effect by dimension is in the order of adaptive adjustment capacity, transformation and innovation capacity, and resilience to recovery capacity. In the eastern and central regions, the promotion effect of rural industrial integration on agricultural economic resilience is more significant. In the main food-producing areas, the promotion effect of rural industrial integration on resilience to recovery is significantly slighter than that of non-food-producing regions. Mechanism analysis indicates that regional industrial structure optimization is an essential channel for rural industrial integration to enhance the resilience of the agricultural economy. On this basis, in order to strengthen agricultural economic resilience, provinces should actively explore differentiated industrial integration policies to enhance industrial structure optimization and upgrading, stimulate agricultural economic vitality, and foster the development of China’s agricultural modernization