Revolutionary Betrayal: The Fall of King George III in the Experience of Politicians, Planters, and Preachers

When describing the imperial crisis of 1763-1776 between the British government and the American colonists, historians often refer to Great Britain as a united entity unto itself, a single character in the imperial conflict. While this offers rhetorical benefits, it oversimplifies the complex constitutional relationship between the American periphery and the British center. Instead, the path to independence is a story of how Americans rejected the authority of each part of the central British government in turn. Americans drew a clear distinction between protesting the authority of the British Parliament and that of King George III himself. Rather than recalling the nature of their protest against the British ministry or Parliament, a deeper understanding of why Americans rejected the authority of the British monarchy may explain why a disagreement concerning the imperial constitution became a struggle for American independence. A deep look at the experience of the delegates of the Continental Congress, Southern planters, and patriot ministers helps to explain why many Americans rejected royal authority. Ultimately, for each of these groups, the turn toward independence was the result of a sudden breakdown in their relationship with King George III

Federalists vs. Republicans: The Nature of Man in a Republic 1787-1800

During the early years of the American Republic known as the Federalist Era (1787-1800), a conflict arose which led to America’s first formal political parties and the formation of the two-party system. The parties’ disagreements, characterized most succinctly by the exchanges between the two party leaders, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, involved some of the most basic ideology of the American experiment. The conflicts of the Jeffersonian Republicans and the Hamiltonian Federalists set the precedent of the nature of the political atmosphere of the United States to this day. This thesis examines the basic viewpoint of the two parties in their stand on key issues, the private and public writings of their leaders, and the history of ideas that influenced party ideology. The aim of this thesis is to show from these sources that the underlying difference between the Jeffersonians and Hamiltonians, the most essential ideology that divided them, lay in their philosophy of the common man and his trustworthiness to govern himself in a republic

Ricin B chain targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco protoplasts is degraded by a CDC48- and vacuole-independent mechanism

The B chain of ricin was expressed and delivered to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco protoplasts where it disappeared with time in a manner consistent with degradation. This turnover did not occur in the vacuoles or upon secretion. Indeed, several lines of evidence indicate that, in contrast to the turnover of endoplasmic reticulum-targeted ricin A chain in the cytosol, the bulk of expressed ricin B chain was degraded in the secretory pathway

Barbie

This is a piece of poetry about self-imagery and beauty expectations

Requirement for Golgi-Localized PI(4)P in Fusion of COPII Vesicles with Golgi Compartments

The role of specific membrane lipids in transport between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi compartments is poorly understood. Using cell-free assays that measure stages in ER-to-Golgi transport, we screened a variety of enzyme inhibitors, lipid-modifying enzymes, and lipid ligands to investigate requirements in yeast. The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of human Fapp1, which binds phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) specifically, was a strong and specific inhibitor of anterograde transport. Analysis of wild type and mutant PH domain proteins in addition to recombinant versions of the Sac1p phosphoinositide-phosphatase indicated that PI(4)P was required on Golgi membranes for fusion with coat protein complex II (COPII) vesicles. PI(4)P inhibition did not prevent vesicle tethering but significantly reduced formation of soluble n-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor adaptor protein receptor (SNARE) complexes between vesicle and Golgi SNARE proteins. Moreover, semi-intact cell membranes containing elevated levels of the ER-Golgi SNARE proteins and Sly1p were less sensitive to PI(4)P inhibitors. Finally, in vivo analyses of a pik1 mutant strain showed that inhibition of PI(4)P synthesis blocked anterograde transport from the ER to early Golgi compartments. Together, the data presented here indicate that PI(4)P is required for the SNARE-dependent fusion stage of COPII vesicles with the Golgi complex

The proteasome biogenesis regulator Rpn4 cooperates with the unfolded protein response to promote ER stress resistance

Misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activate the unfolded protein response (U PR), which enhances protein folding to restore homeostasis. Additional pathways respond to ER stress, but how they help counteract protein misfolding is incompletely understood. Here, we develop a titratable system for the induction of ER stress in yeast to enable a genetic screen for factors that augment stress resistance independently of the UPR. We identify the proteasome biogenesis regulator Rpn4 and show that it cooperates with the UPR. Rpn4 abundance increases during ER stress, first by a post-transcriptional, then by a transcriptional mechanism. Induction of RPN4 transcription is triggered by cytosolic mislocalization of secretory proteins, is mediated by multiple signaling pathways and accelerates clearance of misfolded proteins from the cytosol. Thus, Rpn4 and the UPR are complementary elements of a modular cross-compartment response to ER stress

Farm ownership in the Midwest

Most of the farms in the Midwest were established during the last 75 to 125 years. The people who came into the region wanted to own the land they operated, and in the early days a very high proportion of the farmers had an equity in the land on which they were living. From the beginning it has been the general policy of the federal and state agencies to encourage a pattern of owner-operated family-type farms. Public opinion has favored this policy. Mechanized farming has made it possible for a farm family to operate larger acreages, and as a result many farms have grown in size. Likewise, there has been a large increase in the capital invested in the land, buildings and other improvements. Acquiring ownership of a good farm in the Midwest in 1949 is far more complicated and expensive than it was a century ago