Privacy self-regulation and the changing role of the state: from public law to social and technical mechanisms of governance

This paper provides a structured overview of different self-governance mechanisms for privacy and data protection in the corporate world, with a special focus on Internet privacy. It also looks at the role of the state, and how it has related to privacy self-governance over time. While early data protection started out as law-based regulation by nation-states, transnational self-governance mechanisms have become more important due to the rise of global telecommunications and the Internet. Reach, scope, precision and enforcement of these industry codes of conduct vary a lot. The more binding they are, the more limited is their reach, though they - like the state-based instruments for privacy protection - are becoming more harmonised and global in reach nowadays. These social codes of conduct are developed by the private sector with limited participation of official data protection commissioners, public interest groups, or international organisations. Software tools - technical codes - for online privacy protection can give back some control over their data to individual users and customers, but only have limited reach and applications. The privacy-enhancing design of network infrastructures and database architectures is still mainly developed autonomously by the computer and software industry. Here, we can recently find a stronger, but new role of the state. Instead of regulating data processors directly, governments and oversight agencies now focus more on the intermediaries - standards developers, large software companies, or industry associations. And instead of prescribing and penalising, they now rely more on incentive-structures like certifications or public funding for social and technical self-governance instruments of privacy protection. The use of technology as an instrument and object of regulation is thereby becoming more popular, but the success of this approach still depends on the social codes and the underlying norms which technology is supposed to embed. --

Privacy self-regulation and the changing role of the state : from public law to social and technical mechanisms of governance

This paper provides a structured overview of different self-governance mechanisms for privacy and data protection in the corporate world, with a special focus on Internet privacy. It also looks at the role of the state, and how it has related to privacy selfgovernance over time. While early data protection started out as law-based regulation by nation-states, transnational self-governance mechanisms have become more important due to the rise of global telecommunications and the Internet. Reach, scope, precision and enforcement of these industry codes of conduct vary a lot. The more binding they are, the more limited is their reach, though they – like the state-based instruments for privacy protection – are becoming more harmonised and global in reach nowadays. These “social codes” of conduct are developed by the private sector with limited participation of official data protection commissioners, public interest groups, or international organisations. Software tools - “technical codes” - for online privacy protection can give back some control over their data to individual users and customers, but only have limited reach and applications. The privacy-enhancing design of network infrastructures and database architectures is still mainly developed autonomously by the computer and software industry. Here, we can recently find a stronger, but new role of the state. Instead of regulating data processors directly, governments and oversight agencies now focus more on the intermediaries – standards developers, large software companies, or industry associations. And instead of prescribing and penalising, they now rely more on incentive-structures like certifications or public funding for social and technical self-governance instruments of privacy protection. The use of technology as an instrument and object of regulation is thereby becoming more popular, but the success of this approach still depends on the social codes and the underlying norms which technology is supposed to embed

The World Summit on the Information Society – Privacy not Found?

This article will explore how privacy was dealt with in the United Nations World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) process. WSIS was the first time that information and communication technology was linked to human rights and development on the global policy agenda. The article will argue that though the WSIS documents ended up with a formal commitment to human rights, there was de facto no recognition of privacy as a human right which is fundamentally affected by the design and use of technology. On the contrary, privacy continues to be dealt with as a marginal issue attached to an overarching agenda of state security. We will conclude that the post WSIS phase is showing some momentum in favor of privacy, due to new emerging alliances between civil society and industry

CENTRAL AMYGDALA TO LATERAL HYPOTHALAMUS NPY1R SIGNALING MODULATES BINGE-LIKE ETHANOL CONSUMPTION IN A SEX-DEPENDENT MANNER

Alcohol use disorder is characterized by maladaptive patterns of alcohol consumption, with emerging evidence suggesting that neuropeptide Y (NPY) signaling through Y1 and Y2 receptors (Y1R and Y2R) within the central amygdala (CeA) plays a critical role in modulating ethanol intake. This dissertation investigates the neural mechanisms underlying binge-like ethanol drinking, focusing on the involvement of Y1R+ CeA to lateral hypothalamus (LH) projections, dynamic interactions between Y1R and Y2R within the CeA, and the impact of chronic ethanol exposure on Y1R protein expression. Chapter 1 demonstrates that chemogenetic inhibition of Y1R+ CeA-LH projections selectively reduced binge-like ethanol drinking in male mice without affecting female mice. Chapter 2 expands on these findings by examining the dynamic interactions between Y1R and Y2R expression in the CeA and their relationship to ethanol intake. Administration of a transient intra-CeA Y1R agonist failed to influence ethanol consumption in either sex. However, chronic NPY overexpression via a viral vector revealed behavioral effects and predictive relationships between receptor mRNA expression and intake patterns. Chapter 3 investigates how a history of extended binge drinking influences Y1R protein expression in the CeA. Although no significant differences were found in Y1R/NeuN colocalization across sex and treatment groups, correlational analyses revealed that Y1R expression varied with individual ethanol consumption. Additionally, Y1R+ tracing data identified a subset of Y1R+ neurons projecting to the LH, potentially contributing to the modulation of binge-like ethanol intake, consistent with findings from Chapter 1. Collectively, these results support a model wherein Y1R signaling within the CeA regulates ethanol consumption through circuit-specific mechanisms and broader neuroadaptive changes influenced by sex and individual drinking patterns. This research advances our understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying binge-like ethanol intake and highlights the complex, sex-dependent roles of NPY-Y1R and Y2R signaling in the CeA.Doctor of Philosoph

Der gläserne Bürger und der vorsorgliche Staat: zum Verhältnis von Überwachung und Sicherheit in der Informationsgesellschaft

'Das Sicherheitsparadigma des Präventionsstaates im 'Kampf gegen den Terror' unterscheidet sich in zweierlei Hinsicht von dem des Gefahrenabwehrstaates im Kalten Krieg. In zeitlicher Hinsicht geht es nicht mehr um die Abwehr gegenwärtiger Bedrohungen, sondern um die Vorbeugung zukünftiger Risiken. Auf der Akteursebene sind die Träger dieser Risiken nicht mehr Staaten, sondern Individuen. Damit gelten nun alle als potenziell verdächtig. Hier spielt der Computer eine entscheidende Rolle, indem er die alten Überwachungstechniken des Aufzeichnens und Verbreitens von Informationen durch die Möglichkeit des automatischen Entscheidens ergänzt. Aus 'Überwachen und Stragitale Diskriminierung auf der Basis von vernetzten Datenbanken und in Algorithmen gegossenen Vorurteilen. Mit diesem Verfahren sind jenseits juristischer und politischer Schwierigkeiten drei strukturelle Probleme verbunden: das Problem der Modellbildung, das Problem der Probabilistik und das Problem der Definitionsmacht. Dennoch scheint der Trend zum weiteren Ausbau der Überwachungsinfrastrukturen nicht aufzuhören. Mögliche Erklärungen, aber auch Hinweise auf weiteren Forschungsbedarf, liefern dafür jeweils auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen die Gesellschaftsdiagnose, die Techniksoziologie und die politische Ökonomie. In normativer Hinsicht geht es hier letztlich auch um die Sicherheitsvorsorge der Bürger gegenüber dem Staat und damit um die Frage: Wie köfen' wird damit 'Überwachen und Sortieren', aus individuellen Bewertungen wird massenhafte dinnen wir unsere technischen Infrastrukturen so aufbauen, dass unfähige und unredliche Machthaber damit keinen großen Schaden anrichten können?' (Autorenreferat

NOTAS INTRODUTÓRIAS SOBRE A RELAÇÃO ENTRE A TEORIA DO CAPITAL SOCIAL E ATIVIDADE FÍSICA

O objetivo da presente revisão foi tentar estabelecer possíveis associações entre a teoria do capital social e atividade física a partir de estudos internacionais publicados na base de dados ScienceDirect. Baseado na abordagem qualitativa, e usando do processo de revisão sistemática de literatura, buscou-se através de descritores e operadores lógicos artigos com a temática proposta. Analisou-se o capital social a partir da estrutura e intensidade que fundamenta as relações sociais de uma comunidade a partir da confiança, solidariedade, reciprocidade e participação cívica. Sugere-se que a atividade física e estado de saúde podem ser considerados fatores resultantes do acúmulo de capital social, potencializando a criação e manutenção de círculos virtuosos de participação popular reduzindo os índices de inatividade física.

Organismos Internacionais e Políticas de Educação Não Formal

A partir de uma visão centrada nas políticas públicas da educação, esse texto faz uma discussão conceitual da influência de organismos internacionais nos modelos formais e não formais de educação. A participação das agências financeiras e da UNESCO na implantação de reformas e programas em países em desenvolvimento é abordada, tendo como discussão central a implantação no Brasil do Programa Escola Aberta, do Governo Federal, em parceria com a UNESCO. Tal programa tem como objetivo a inserção das comunidades no âmbito escolar por meio da educação não formal, oferecendo a possibilidade de acesso a bens de cultura, qualificação profissional, esporte e saúde. Conclui-se que a educação não formal é vista como um campo em expansão, com especial atenção dos organismos internacionais, alicerçada principalmente por ações complementares de formação humana