O konstytutywnej współzależności wyjaśniania i identyfikowania czynności konwencjonalnych

The article examines the specific correlation (interdependence) between the identification and intentional explanation of conventional acts (in particular, legally significant conventional acts). The author describes this interdependence as ‘constitutive’ because in this case intentional explanation plays a constitutive role for the identification of a conventional act. This can be expressed through the formula: ‘person P performed conventional act CA1’ only if ‘person P performed conventional act CA1 because person P was driven by the intention to perform conventional act CA1.’ The article analyses the logical and argumentative structure of the abovementioned correlation. On the basis of the analysis, the author claims that a constitutive correlation indicates that a relevant intention should be perceived as an element of the act itself (in contrast to the view adopted in the theory of conventional acts) and that verification rules relevant for the given act exist alongside the constitutive rules. Recognizing the relevant intention as an element of the conventional act stands in opposition to causalism, which treats intentions as the causes of actions.Artykuł dotyczy specyficznej współzależności między identyfikacją a intencjonalnym wyjaśnianiem czynności konwencjonalnych (w szczególności prawnie doniosłych czynności konwencjonalnych). Autor charakteryzuje tą współzależność jako „konstytutywną”, ponieważ odgrywa ona konstytutywną rolę przy identyfikacji danej czynności konwencjonalnej. Można wyrazić to formułą: „osoba O dokonała czynności konwencjonalnej CK1” tylko wtedy, gdy „osoba O dokonała czynności konwencjonalnej CK1, ponieważ osoba O kierowała się intencją dokonania czynności konwencjonalnej CK1”. W artykule analizowana jest logiczna i argumentacyjna struktura wskazanej współzależności. W świetle dokonanej analizy autor uznaje, że konstytutywna współzależność skłania do traktowania odpowiedniej intencji jako elementu samej czynności konwencjonalnej (w przeciwieństwie do poglądu przyjmowanego w teorii czynności konwencjonalnych) oraz postulowania istnienia, obok reguł konstytutywnych, właściwych dla danej czynności reguł weryfikacji. Uznanie odpowiedniej intencji za element czynności konwencjonalnej przemawia zaś przeciwko kauzalizmowi, traktującemu intencje jako przyczyny zachowań

Time-resolved magneto-Raman study of carrier dynamics in low Landau levels of graphene

We study the relaxation dynamics of the electron system in graphene flakes under Landau quantization regime using a novel approach of time-resolved Raman scattering. The non-resonant character of the experiment allows us to analyze the field dependence of the relaxation rate. Our results clearly evidence sharp increase in the relaxation rate upon the resonance between the energy of the Landau transition and the G-band and shed new light on relaxation mechanism of the Landau-quantized electrons in graphene beyond the previously studied Auger scattering

Anisotropy of in-plane hole g-factor in CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots

Optical studies of a bright exciton provide only limited information about the hole anisotropy in a quantum dot. In this work we present a universal method to study heavy hole anisotropy using a dark exciton in a moderate in-plane magnetic field. By analysis of the linear polarization of the dark exciton photoluminescence we identify both isotropic and anisotropic contributions to the hole g-factor. We employ this method for a number of individual self-assembled CdTe/ZnTe quantum dots, demonstrating a variety of behaviors of in-plane hole g-factor: from almost fully anisotropic to almost isotropic. We conclude that, in general, both contributions play an important role and neither contribution can be neglected.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Charge transfer tuning in TiO2 hybrid nanostructures with acceptor-acceptor systems

An interesting interplay between two different modifiers and the surface of titanium dioxide leads to a significant change in photoelectrochemical properties of the designed hybrid materials. The semiconductor is photosensitized by one of the counterparts and exhibits the photoelectrochemical photocurrent switching effect thanks to interactions with graphene oxide - the second modifier mediates charge transfer processes in the system, allowing us to design the materials response at the molecular level. Based on the selection of molecular counterpart we may affect the behaviour of hybrids upon light irradiation in a different manner, which may be useful for the applications in photovoltaics, optoelectronics and photocatalysis. Here we focus particularly on the nanocomposites made of titanium dioxide with graphene oxide combined with either 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorobenzoquinone or 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dihydroxybenzoquinone - for these two materials we observed a major change in the charge transfer processes occurring in the system

Reclaiming in-process composite waste for use in energy absorbing sandwich structures

The growing demand for carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) has led to a significant increase in the amount of carbon fibre waste generated. This paper investigates the reuse of in-process waste as a non-woven complex for use in energy absorbing applications. Composite sandwich coupons were manufactured and tested in quasi-static edgewise compression. Three laminate configurations were used, a continuous fibre unidirectional layup, a fully reclaimed layup and a hybrid of the two. The unidirectional material showed the most efficient energy absorbing performance, with the fully reclaimed showing the lowest. The hybrid laminate displayed traits of both the material types, whilst also showing a more consistent performance across each of the coupons tested