Universal prethermal dynamics of Bose gases quenched to unitarity

Understanding strongly correlated phases of matter, such as the quark–gluon plasma and neutron stars, and in particular the dynamics of such systems, for example, following a Hamiltonian quench (a sudden change in some Hamiltonian parameter, such as the strength of interparticle interactions) is a fundamental challenge in modern physics. Ultracold atomic gases are excellent quantum simulators for these problems, owing to their tunable interparticle interactions and experimentally resolvable intrinsic timescales. In particular, they provide access to the unitary regime, in which the interactions are as strong as allowed by quantum mechanics. This regime has been extensively studied in Fermi gases1,2. The less-explored unitary Bose gases3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 offer possibilities12 such as universal physics controlled solely by the gas density13,14 and new forms of superfluidity15,16,17. Here, through momentum- and time-resolved studies, we explore degenerate and thermal homogeneous Bose gases quenched to unitarity. In degenerate samples, we observe universal post-quench dynamics in agreement with the emergence of a prethermal state18,19,20,21,22,23,24 with a universal non-zero condensed fraction22,24. In thermal gases, the dynamic and thermodynamic properties generally depend on the gas density and the temperature, but we find that they can still be expressed in terms of universal dimensionless functions. Surprisingly, we find that the total quench-induced correlation energy is independent of the gas temperature. These measurements provide quantitative benchmarks and challenges for the theory of unitary Bose gases

Diet and food strategies in a southern al-Andalusian urban environment during Caliphal period, ecija, Sevilla

The Iberian medieval period is unique in European history due to the widespread socio-cultural changes that took place after the arrival of Arabs, Berbers and Islam in 711 AD. Recently, isotopic research has been insightful on dietary shifts, status, resource availability and the impact of environment. However, there is no published isotopic research exploring these factors in southern Iberian populations, and as the history of this area differs to the northern regions, this leaves a significant lacuna in our knowledge. This research fills this gap via isotopic analysis of human (n = 66) and faunal (n = 13) samples from the 9th to the 13th century Écija, a town renowned for high temperatures and salinity. Stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes were assessed from rib collagen, while carbon (δ13C) values were derived from enamel apatite. Human diet is consistent with C3 plant consumption with a very minor contribution of C4 plants, an interesting feature considering the suitability of Écija to C4 cereal production. δ15N values vary among adults, which may suggest variable animal protein consumption or isotopic variation within animal species due to differences in foddering. Consideration of δ13C collagen and apatite values together may indicate sugarcane consumption, while moderate δ15N values do not suggest a strong aridity or salinity effect. Comparison with other Iberian groups shows similarities relating to time and location rather than by religion, although more multi-isotopic studies combined with zooarchaeology and botany may reveal subtle differences unobservable in carbon and nitrogen collagen studies alone.OLC is funded by Plan Galego I2C mod.B (ED481D 2017/014). The research was partially funded by the projects “Galician Paleodiet” and by Consiliencia network (ED 431D2017/08) Xunta de GaliciaS

Animal keeping in Chalcolithic North-Central Anatolia:What can stable isotope analysis add?

Stable isotope analysis is an essential investigative technique, complementary to more traditional zooarchaeological approaches to elucidating animal keeping practices. Carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope values of 132 domesticates (cattle, caprines and pigs) were evaluated to investigate one aspect of animal keeping, animal forage, at the Late Chalcolithic (mid-fourth millennium BC) site of Çamlıbel Tarlası, which is located in north-central Anatolia. The analyses indicated that all of the domesticates had diets based predominantly on C3 plants. Pig and caprine δ13C and δ15N values were found to be statistically indistinguishable. However, cattle exhibited distinctive stable isotope values and, therefore, differences in diet from both pigs and caprines at Çamlıbel Tarlası. This difference may relate to the distinct patterns of foraging behaviour exhibited by the domesticates. Alternatively, this diversity may result from the use of different grazing areas or from the foddering practices of the Çamlıbel Tarlası inhabitants

Assessing human diet and movement in the Tongan maritime chiefdom using isotopic analyses.

The rise of stratified societies fundamentally influences the interactions between status, movement, and food. Using isotopic analyses, we assess differences in diet and mobility of individuals excavated from two burial mounds located at the `Atele burial site on Tongatapu, the main island of the Kingdom of Tonga (c. 500 - 150 BP). The first burial mound (To-At-1) was classified by some archaeologists as a commoner's mound while the second burial mound (To-At-2) was possibly used for interment of the chiefly class. In this study, stable isotope analyses of diet (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S; n = 41) are used to asses paleodiet and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (n = 30) are analyzed to investigate individual mobility to test whether sex and social status affected these aspects of life. Our results show significant differences in diet between burial mounds and sexes. Those interred in To-At-2 displayed lower δ13C values, indicating they ate relatively more terrestrial plants (likely starchy vegetable staples) compared with To-At-1 individuals. Females displayed significantly lower δ15N values compared with males within the entire assemblage. No differences in δ34S values were observed between sexes or burial mound but it is possible that sea spray or volcanism may have affected these values. One individual displayed the strontium isotopic composition representative of a nonlocal immigrant (outside 2SD of the mean). This suggests the hegemonic control over interisland travel, may have prevented long-term access to the island by non-Tongans exemplifying the political and spiritual importance of the island of Tongatapu in the maritime chiefdom

Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition

Selective area deposition has received much attention in IC technology in the past forty years. Its advantage in IC technology is that one saves a mask and a full sequence of lithography, etching, resist removal and cleaning. In Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) the selectivity is obtained by the different chemical behavior of reactants with different surfaces. The advantage of selective CVD is the self-alignment with respect to the previous pattern, which allows for tight design-rules in this phase of the IC production. Selective epitaxial Silicon deposition was investigated in the sixties of the last century. Later selective Tungsten, selective epitaxial SiGe, selective IH-V and II-VI compounds and recently selective deposition of Copper became intensively researched subjects. In these cases of selective deposition one etches a window in a dielectric to the substrate and then deposits the required layer. Due to nucleation matters it starts to grow immediately on the substrate material whereas the nucleation on the dielectric is retarded. However, in nature one never gets advantages for free. Selectivity loss, reaction with the substrate material, facetting, lateral overgrowth on the dielectric and pattern-density dependency are major problems

Estudo dos determinantes clínicos e epidemiológicos das concentrações de sódio e potássio no colostro de nutrizes hipertensas e normotensas

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar se a hipertensão arterial e outras variáveis clínicas e epidemiológicos influenciam as concentrações de sódio e potássio no colostro de 48 horas de nutrizes. Para tal, contou-se com a participação de 105 nutrizes, sendo 72 (68,6%) normotensas e 33 (31,4%) hipertensas. Coletou-se uma única amostra de colostro de 48 horas de cada nutriz, no período da manhã. As amostras foram analisadas em fotômetro de chama para determinação das concentrações de sódio e potássio. Quando se testaram as associações das concentrações de sódio e potássio com as variáveis: idade, paridade, história familiar de hipertensão, idade gestacional, peso do recém-nascido e fatores socioeconômicos, encontrou-se associação significativa da idade das nutrizes com a concentração de potássio no colostro. As médias das concentrações de sódio e potássio no colostro das nutrizes normotensas e hipertensas não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Portanto, a prática de aleitamento materno por nutrizes hipertensas provavelmente não aumenta o risco de seus filhos desenvolverem a hipertensão arterial na idade adulta