16 research outputs found

    Eficiência de filtros de areia pressurizados na remoção de diferentes tamanhos de partículas da água de irrigação

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    Resumo:O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência de filtros de areia com diferentes granulometrias na remoção de diferentes tamanhos de partículas da água de irrigação, bem como a perda de pressão em função da taxa de filtração e da granulometria de areia do leito filtrante. Os ensaios foram realizados com três filtros de um mesmo modelo comercial, testados com diferentes combinações de granulometrias de areia (areia fina, 0,55 mm; média, 0,77 mm; e grossa, 1,04 mm de diâmetro) e taxas de filtração (20, 40, 60 e 75 m3m-2 h-1), e repetidos em três ciclos de filtração de 4 horas (C1, C2 e C3, realizados em 3 dias consecutivos). O filtro de areia avaliado é efetivo na remoção de partículas a partir do tamanho de areia fina (>60 μm). Nesta faixa de remoção de partículas, a influência da taxa de filtração aumenta com a diminuição do tamanho de partícula na água. O aumento na taxa de filtração, associado à diminuição da granulometria de areia, aumenta a eficiência de remoção, mas acentua a perda de pressão com o tempo, o que diminui a remoção das partículas menores ao longo dos ciclos de filtração

    Water Treatments in Trickle Irrigation Systems

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    Uso de cloração e ar comprimido no controle do entupimento de gotejadores ocasionado pela aplicação de água residuária Chlorination and compressed air to control the wastewater clogging in drippers

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    O crescimento demográfico, o aumento da demanda por água e alimentos, a crescente geração de resíduos, a poluição de corpos de água e a escassez de água têm ocasionado a busca por soluções, das quais uma é o aproveitamento do efluente de estações de tratamento de esgoto na agricultura. Um modo seguro de efetuar a aplicação desse recurso, também fertilizante, é utilizando a irrigação por gotejamento, porém o entupimento nesse sistema consiste em fator restritivo. Assim, com o objetivo de minimizar o entupimento em quatro modelos de gotejadores por uso de águas residuárias oriundas de tratamento secundário de estação de tratamento de esgoto, testaram-se quatro tipos de manejo: (I) controle (somente filtragem), (II) cloração, (III) ar comprimido e (IV) cloração e ar comprimido. Obteve-se melhor resultado com o tratamento de 0,5 mg L-1 de cloro residual livre combinado ao gotejador autocompensante.<br>Population, water and food demand, waste and water pollution increasing are the reasons for wastewater reuse in agriculture by drip irrigation systems. However, the clogging is a restrictive fact in these systems, so prevention techniques are necessary to avoid low water distribution coefficients. So, this work was conduct to test four techniques: (I) control (filtration), (II) chlorination, (III) compressed air, and (IV) chlorination and compressed air. The best result was obtained with 0.5 mg L-1 free chlorine residual and self-compensating dripper

    Características e dimensões do volume de um solo molhado sob gotejamento superfical e subsuperficial Characteristics and dimensions of the volume of wetted soil under surface and subsurface drip irrigation

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    Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, estabelecer comparações entre os bulbos molhados por gotejadores localizados na superfície do solo, e enterrados no final do ciclo da irrigação, além de avaliar modelos matemáticos para estimativa das dimensões desses volumes molhados. O estudo foi conduzido em um solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, em Fortaleza, CE. Em ambos os casos, foi aplicado simultaneamente, o volume de 4,33 x 10-3 m³ (4,33 L) de água numa vazão de 7,22 x 10-7 m³ s-1 (2,6 L h-1). O monitoramento da dinâmica da água no solo foi realizado através de tensiômetros. Ao final de dois ciclos de irrigação observou-se, no volume molhado sob gotejamento enterrado, um teor de água disponível variando entre 44 a 29% maior que no caso do emissor superficial. Dentre os modelos testados o de Schwartzmass & Zur apresentou melhor correlação com as determinações experimentais.<br>The objective of this work was to establish comparisons among characteristics and dimensions of wetted volumes under surface and subsurface drippers at the end of an irrigation cycle and to evaluate mathematical models for predicting dimensions of these wetted volumes. The study was carried out in a Yellow-Red Podzol in Fortaleza-CE. Water volume of 4.3 x 10-3 m³ (4.33 L) was applied by drippers with flow rate of 7.22 x 10-7 m³ s-1 (2.6 L h-1) during the studied irrigation cycles. Soil water dynamics monitoring was accomplished by tensiometers. Measurements of soil-water potential were done before the irrigation event and during two irrigation cycles. At the end of the two irrigation cycles the water content that was available in the wetted volume under the buried dripper was 44 to 29% larger than the water content that was available in the wetted volume under the surface dripper. The Schwartzmass & Zur model resulted in a better approximation to the experimental data

    The effects of subsurface irrigation at different soil water potential thresholds on the growth and transpiration of Populus tomentosa

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    In order to find the optimal subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) scheduling for mature triploid Populus tomentosa plantations in the North China Plain, a field experiment was conducted in 2010 and 2011 to investigate the effects of SDI at different soil water potential (SWP) thresholds on the growth and transpiration of a P. Tomentosa plantation when it was six and seven years old. The experiment included three SWP treatments, which initiated irrigation when the SWP at 20 cm depth and 10 cm distance from a drip emitter reached -25 (T₂₅), -50 (T₅₀) and -75 (T₇₅) kPa, respectively. A control non-irrigation treatment (CK) was also included. Long-term SWP, soil water content (SWC), transpiration, tree growth, meteorological factors and groundwater level were monitored. Results showed that SDI influenced the SWC only in 0-80 cm of soil. From April to July, on average, the cumulative stand-level transpiration on a ground area basis (E) and growth of basal area at breast height accounted for 81% and 93% of their corresponding whole-season values, while the cumulative reference crop potential evapotranspiration (ET₀) was 43% higher than the rainfall. In contrast, from August to October, the growth rate of P. Tomentosa was very slow, while the cumulative rainfall was 36% higher than ET₀ and the average groundwater level was relatively high (125 cm). Relative to CK, the E under the SWP treatments was significantly (P 0.05) in 2010, and by 28% (P > 0.05), 29% (P > 0.05) and 32% (P < 0.05) in 2011, respectively. However, no significant difference in ADB increment was detected among the SWP treatments. Based on these results, it can be concluded that when planting P. Tomentosa at sites with similar characteristics to ours in the North China Plain: (1) SDI could be promoted in the cultivation of P. Tomentosa to improve tree growth; (2) a range of -50 to -75 kPa at a depth of 20 cm and 10 cm distant from a drip emitter is recommended as the irrigation threshold for scheduling SDI in P. Tomentosa plantations and (3) irrigation should be applied between April and July, while drainage should be implemented between August and October
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