Investigation of the Effect of Tarantula cubensis Extract on Acute Phase Response

Background: Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract is used to accelerate wound healing and to relieve edema in many animal species. In addition, it may be useful for many infectious diseases. Considering to these effects, it is believe that these effects may be on immune system. Cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and interferon gamma) secreted by immune cells and acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, serum amyloid A) secreted by liver play role in acute phase response. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract on cytokine and acute phase protein levels in sheep.Materials, Methods & Results: Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (6 mL/sheep, subcutaneously, single dose) was administered to 6 healthy sheep. Blood samples were obtained before (0 h) and after treatments at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h. Then, blood samples were centrifuged to obtain serum samples. Acute phase cytokines such as serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon gamma and acute phase proteins such as haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid-A concentrations were determined with commercially available kits on ELISA reader. Administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract caused fluctuations in tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10, interferon gamma levels in sheep. In addition, levels of haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, serum amyloid A showed fluctuations. But, these fluctuations in acute phase cytokines and acute phase proteins were not statistically significant (P > 0.05).Discussion: Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract, homeopathic medicine, is used trauma, retentio secundinarium, tendinitis, bluetongue, foot and mouth, metritis and arthritis in many animal species including sheep. Cytokines, secreted against various stimulus including infectious diseases, play role in wound healing and in the regulation of the immune system. In current study, administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract lead to fluctuations in tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and interferon gamma levels, but these changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Non-statistical fluctuations in cytokines result from inadequate immunological response of sheep against to Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract. Also, use of molecular analysis techniques may be changed these results. Acute phase proteins are significantly secreted from the liver during the acute phase response. In current study, administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract in sheep caused non-statistifical fluctuations on haptoglobin, alpha 1 acid glycoprotein and serum amyloid A levels (P > 0.05). Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta stimulate synthesis of interleukin-6. Interleukin-6 provides synthesis of acute phase proteins in liver. Non-statistical fluctuations in acute phase proteins result from inadequate stimulus of IL-6. In conclusion, it may be stated that administration of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract has no distinctive effect on the acute phase response. However, when Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract is administered repeated times or other acute phase parameters are evaluated, different results may be observed

Effect of Anti-TNF-α on the Development of Offspring and Pregnancy Loss During Pregnancy in Rats

Background: Etanercept binds soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and is classified as pregnancy risk category B. Increase in TNF-α level causes preterm labour or miscarriage. Lipopolysaccharides trigger preterm birth and abortion via producing of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines are divided into two groups as pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, whereas interleukin (IL)-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. IL-10 predominant in normal pregnancy while TNF-α characterize in abortion and recurrent abortion. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of etanercept on the development of offspring and lipopolysaccharide-induced pregnancy loss.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-eight female and 7 male Wistar rats (5-6 months old) were used in this study. The rats were fed a standard pelleted diet and tap water ad libitum. After female rats were caged with males for 1 day, the presence of a vaginal plug was designated as day 0 of pregnancy. Twenty-eight pregnant Wistar rats were divided into 4 equal groups, as follows: control (0.3 mL of Normal Saline Solution intravenously on day 10 of pregnancy); etanercept (0.8 mg kg-1/day intraperitoneally on days 9 and 10 of pregnancy); lipopolysaccharide (160 µg kg-1 intravenously on day 10 of pregnancy); and etanercept + lipopolysaccharide. Blood samples were obtained from the tail vein on day 10 of pregnancy (3 h after lipopolysaccharide administration). All animals were followed during pregnancy. Pregnancy rates and offspring characteristics were determined. TNF-α and IL-10 levels were measured using an ELISA reader. Etanercept alone did not have any negative effects, and etanercept did not prevent (P < 0.05) lipopolysaccharide-induced pregnancy loss. Higher TNF-α and IL-10 levels were measured (P < 0.05) in the etanercept + lipopolysaccharide group compared to other groups.Discussion: It is well known that use of etanercept does not increase pregnacy loss. In this study, higher pregnancy rates were determined in the control and etanercept groups than the lipopolysaccharide and etanercept + lipopolysaccharide groups. The proportion of fetal deaths in lipopolysaccharide administered pregnant subjects was decreased by the use of anti-TNF-α agents. While the concentrations of TNF-α are low in the onset of pregnancy period, the concentrations of TNF-α increases a peak level during the onset of labour. Embryonic resorption is affected by Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and lL-2) and low-dose lipopolysaccharide without any affecting mother survival, and in the early pregnancy term, the implantation area of embryo is enormously sensitive to these molecules. In the current study, etanercept increased the concentration of TNF-α and the concentration of IL-10 when compared to the lipopolysaccharide group. IL-10 has a protective role, while TNF-α is an abortive factor during pregnancy. Thus, etanercept did not prevent pregnancy loss. This finding may have reflected an insufficient dose of etanercept. Adverse effects did not occur in the offspring of the etanercept or control groups, and there was no difference between the two groups statistically. Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as stillbirth, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion and herediter malformations are not associated with TNF-α inhibitors. In conclusion, etanercept does not pose a major teratogenic risk and has no preventive effects with respect to infection-dependent pregnancy loss

utjecaj ambroksola na protuupalni učinak azitromicina u plućnom tkivu

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two different doses of ambroxol (AMB) co-administered with azithromycin (AZIT) on the concentrations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytokines and serum biochemical parameters in an lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury mouse model. A total of 78 male Swiss albino mice were used for this investigation. After six mice had been separated as the control group (0 hours), the remaining animals were divided into the following three equal groups: LPS, LPS+AZIT+AMB30 and LPS+AZIT+AMB70. LPS, AZIT and AMB were administered intraperitoneally. BALF and serum samples were collected before (0 hour) and after applications at 4, 8, 16 and 24 hours under general anaesthesia, and then all mice were euthanised by cervical dislocation. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in BALF and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine concentrations in serum were determined. Elevated TNFα and IL-6 concentrations in the LPS group were prevented at 8 and 16 hours in LPS+AZIT+AMB30 group. In addition, both treatment groups inhibited elevated IL-6 concentrations in the LPS group at 16 hours. LPS+AZIT+AMB30 and LPS+AZIT+AMB70 increased IL-10 concentrations at 16 and 4 hours, respectively. LPS caused significant elevations in urea concentrations at all sampling times and statistical fluctuations in other parameters at different sampling times. The increased ALP concentration in LPS group decreased in the treatment groups at 8 hours. In conclusion, the combination of low-dose AMB and AZIT may achieve beneficial effects in pulmonary infections by influencing the cytokine network.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti učinke dviju različitih doza ambroksola (AMB), primijenje-nih u kombinaciji s azitromicinom (AZIT), na koncentraciju citokina u bronhoalveolarnoj tekućini (BALF), odnosno na serumske biokemijske pokazatelje u slučaju akutne ozljede pluća izazvane lipopolisaharidom (LPS). Od ukupno 78 miševa, mužjaka Swiss albino soja, 6 je miševa stavljeno u kontrolnu skupinu (0 sati). Ostale životinje su podijeljene u tri jednake skupine: skupinu kojoj je dan LPS, skupinu kojoj je primijenjen LPS + AZIT + AMB30 i skupinu LPS + AZIT + AMB70. LPS, AZIT i AMB primijenjeni su intraperitonealno. BALF i uzorci seruma prikupljeni su prije aplikacije lijekova (0 sati) te 4, 8, 16 i 24 sata poslije aplikacije pod općom anestezijom, nakon čega su svi miševi eutanazirani cervikalnom dislokacijom. Određena je koncentracija tumorskog faktora nekroze alfa (TNF-α), interleukina IL-6 i IL- 10 u BALF-u te koncentracija aspartat-aminotransferaze (AST), alkalne fosfataze (ALP), uree i kreatinina u serumu. Povećanje koncen-tracije TNF-α i IL-6 u skupini kojoj je dan LPS prevenirano je u razdoblju od 8 sati, odnosno 16 sati nakon aplikacije u skupini LPS + AZIT + AMB30. Osim toga, u obje je skupine preveniran porast koncentracije IL-6 nakon 16 sati. Kombinacija LPS + AZIT + AMB30 povećala je koncen-traciju IL-10 u periodu nakon 16 sati, a kombinacija LPS + AZIT + AMB70 nakon 4 sata. LPS je uzrokovao znakovit porast koncentracije uree u svim vremenima uzorkovanja i statističku fluktua-ciju drugih pokazatelja u različitim vremenima uzorkovanja. Povećana koncentracija ALP-a u skupini LPS smanjena je u pokusnim skupinama nakon 8 sati. Zaključeno je da kombinacija male do-ze AMB-a i AZIT-a može blagotvorno djelovati na plućne infekcije putem utjecaja na mrežu citokina

Effect of single dose dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) on white blood cell counts and serum glucose levels in healthy ewes

Aim: Aim of this research was to determine that effect of single dose dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, SC) on the white blood cell counts and serum glucose levels in healthy ewes. In addition, effects of dexamethasone on the other hemogram and serum biochemical values were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Totally healthy 8 Akkaraman sheep were received with 0.1 mg/kg (SC, single dose) dexamethasone. Blood samples were taken before (0. hour, control) and after treatments at 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours. White blood cell, red blood cell, platelet, hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were measured by hemocell counter, whereas serum glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein and low density lipoprotein levels were determined by auto-analyzer. Results: Dexamethasone increased (P<0.05) white blood cell and glucose levels when compared to Control (0 hour), and higher levels of these values were monitored during 48 hours. In addition, statistically significance changes were determined in the total bilirubin, triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen concentrations, but these results were within reference range. Conclusion: It may be stated that dexamethasone increases white blood cell count and glucose levels in sheep and its effect may be determined during 2-3 days after treatments

Determination of protective effectiveness of nerium oleander distillation in doxorubicin-induced organ damages

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate that effect of Nerium oleander (NO) distillate on doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage and other side effects. Materials and Methods: NO leaves were collected, distillated and lyophilized. In the current research, 28 rats were divided into 4 groups; Control, Doxorubicin (3 mg/kg, every other day, intraperitoneally), NO (1 mg/kg, SID, PO) and Doxorubicin (3 mg/kg, every other day, intraperitoneally) + NO (1 mg/kg, SID, PO). All treatments were performed 11 days. At 24 hours after the last administration, blood samples were taken from the hearts under general anesthetizes, and euthanized immediately. Also, heart, liver and kidney were taken and homogenized. Tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, serum biochemical and hemogram values were measured by ELISA, autoanalyzer and blood cell counter, respectively. Results: Heart TBARS values of the doxorubicin group were lower (P<0.05) than Doxorubicin + NO distillate group, while kidney TBARS values of the doxorubicin group were higher (P<0.05) than the NO distillate group. Although doxorubicin decreased (P<0.05) blood cell counts, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels compared to Control group, administration of doxorubicin + NO distillate ameliorated only hematocrit levels. Doxorubicin decreased (P<0.05) serum total protein and albumin levels compared to Control group, while Doxorubicin + NO distillate increased (P<0.05) aspartate aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen levels and decreased (P<0.05) total protein, albumin and creatinine levels. Conclusions: It may be stated that levels of NO distillate used in the current research do not prevent the doxorubicin caused side effects

Effect of nerium oleander distillate administration on serum nitric oxide level

Amaç: Mevcut araştırmanın amacı ratlara tek doz intraperitonealNerium oleander distilatı uygulamasının serum nitrik oksit düzeyine etkisini araştırmaktır. Ayrıca distilatın tiyobarbitürik asit reaktifürünleri, katalaz ve rutin biyokimyasal parametrelere etkisini belirlemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada 20 adet erkek Wistar albino rat kullanıldı. Kontrol (0. saat) olarak 5 adet rat ayrıldıktan sonra diğerlerine 7.5 mL Nerium oleander distilatı intraperitoneal olarak tek seferde uygulandı. Uygulama öncesi (0. saat) ve uygulama sonrasında2., 4. ve 8. saatlerde ratlar anesteziye alınarak kalplerinden kan örnekleri alındıktan sonra hayvanlar servikal dislokasyon yöntemiyleötenazi edildi. Serum örneklerinden nitrik oksit, tiyobarbitürik asitreaktif ürünleri ve katalaz düzeyleri ELISA okuyucusunda, biyokimyasal parametreler (Kreatin kinaz-MB, kreatin kinaz, alkalen fosfataz, alanin aminotransferaz, aspartat aminotransferaz, total protein,albümin, total bilirubin, kolesterol, trigliserit, yüksek dansiteli lipoprotein, düşük dansiteli lipoprotein, kreatinin, ürik asit, kan üre nitrojen) ise otoanalizörde belirlendi.Bulgular: Nerium oleander distilatı uygulamasının nitrik oksit düzeyine etkisinin olmadığı (P>0.05), tiyobarbitürik asit reaktif ürünleri düzeylerini düşürdüğü (P0.05) nitricoxide level and decreased (P<0.05) serum thiobarbituric acid reac- tive substances levels, whereas it increased (P<0.05) catalase level.In addition, Nerium oleander increased (P<0.05) total bilirubin, lowdensity lipoprotein and cholesterol levels at 2, 8 and 8 hours, res- pectively.Conclusion: It may be stated that Nerium oleander distillate haspotent antioxidative effects and it may be used in the treatment ofoxidative damage related situations

Investigation of cardiotoxic effects of marbofloxacin

Aim: The primary objective of the present research is to determine the cardiotoxic effect of marbofloxacin by measuring of serum troponin I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels which are cardiotoxic damage markers. In addition, it is to determine the effects of marbofloxacin on the liver function [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein], renal function [blood urea nitrogen (BUN, creatinine] and hemogram [white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), platelet, hemoglobin, hematocrit] parameters. Materials and Methods: In the study, 10 Merino yearling received marbofloxacin (10 mg/kg/day, subcutan) for 14 days. Blood samples were taken on day 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days. Sheep specific serum CK-MB and troponin I levels were measured with ELISA reader, while serum LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, total protein, creatinine and BUN values were determined with autoanalyser. Hemogram parameters were determined with hemocell counters, as well. Results: Marbofloxacin increased cardiac damage markers which were troponin I, not statistically significant (P>0,05), LDH and AST levels, statistically significant (P<0,05). While marbofloxacin did not cause (P<0,05) any adverse effect on liver function parameters, it caused (P<0,05) increase BUN levels and fluctuations in creatinine levels which were renal function values. In hemogram parameters, it caused (P Conclusion: It can be stated that the when sheep should be treated with high doses of long-term marbofloxacin, cardiotoxicity should be taken with caution. However, cardiotoxic effects of marbofloxacin should be confirmed histopathologically

Assessment of the protective effects of pomegranate peel extract and n-acetyl cysteine alone or in combination with ornipural® against cadmium-induced bone toxicity in rat

Aim: The present study was conducted to determine the effects of pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and N-acetyl Cysteine (NAC) alone or in their treatment combinations with commercial preparation Ornipural® (ORN) on bone metabolism against experimentally cadmium (Cd)-induced toxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: Totally 36 animals were used in the study including 6 Wistar Albino rats in each group. The animals were assigned to control, Cd, Cd+PPE, Cd+NAC, Cd+PPE+ORN and Cd+NAC+ORN groups. The animals in the groups were euthanized after their blood samples were taken at the end of the 8th week. The bones were subjected to maceration for morphometric and histopathological examinations after euthanasia. Results: The statistically significant differences were determined between the treatment groups and Cd group in terms of histopathological changes (osteoporotic alterations and changes in red bone marrow) and biomarkers (Ca, P and Mg) (P Conclusion: Although PPE, NAC and treatment combinations with ORN applied against experimentally induced cadmium toxicity were determined to have positive effects on bone metabolism, it has been thought that carrying out trials by increasing treatment duration and dose would be beneficial to determine definite efficacy of the applied treatment protocols

Determination of the effect of danofloxacin on 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine level

Aim: The primary aim of this study is to determine the effect of danofloxacin administrations on 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8- OHDG) level, oxidative stress biomarker, in sheep. In addition, to determine on heart [Troponin I, creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], liver [Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] and kidney [Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine] damage biomarkers and hemogram parameters [White blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), platelet count, hemoglobin, hematocrit]. Materials and Methods: In this study, 6 mg/kg/day (Subcutaneous) dose of danofloxacin was applied to 10 sheep for 14 days. Blood samples were taken on day 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days. Serum 8-OHDG, troponin I and CK-MB isoenzyme levels were measured with ELISA reader, while serum LDH, AST, ALT, ALP, creatinine and BUN values were determined with autoanalyzer. Hemogram parameters were determined with hemocell counter. Results: In this study, 8-OHDG levels did not change (P>0,05) statistically, while temporal elevations in troponin I, CK-MB isoenzyme and AST levels were determined (P<0,05). Statistical fluctuations (P<0,05) were determined in BUN levels, while decreases in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit values (P<0,05) and temporary increase in platelet level were determined (P Conclusion: It can be stated that danofloxacin administration to sheep for 14 days does not cause systemic oxidative stress and does not cause seriously effects to the function of heart, liver, kidney and bone marrow

Treatment of metabolic syndrome

Bugünlerde, metabolik sendrom bütün dünyada büyük bir sağlık problem oluşturmaktadır. Metabolik sendrom, yüksek kan basıncı, obezite, insülin rezistansı ve diabetes mellitus ile karakterizedir. Metabolik sendromlu hastalar yaşam şekillerini değiştirmelidir. Metabolik sendromlu hastaların tedavisinde fiziksel aktivite, diyetteki değişiklikler ve kilo kaybı gereklidir. Bu hastalar, yaşam şekli değişikliği ile tedaviyi başaramazsa, bazı ilaçlar kullanmalıdırlar. İlk olarak, insülin rezistansının tedavi edilmesi gerekir. İnsülin rezistansının ve diabetes mellitusun tedavisinde metformin, tiazolidinedionlar veya glitazonlar kullanılmalıdır. İkinci olarak, dislipidemi ve obezitenin statin ve fibratlarla tedavi edilmesi gerekir. Kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, hipertansiyon ve polikistik over sendromu gibi metabolik sendromun birleşenlerinin tedavisi genellikle insülin rezistansının, obezitenin ve dislipideminin tedavisi ile ilişkilidir. Çünkü, insülin rezistansı metabolik sendromun temel sebebini oluşturmaktadır. Metabolik sendrom erken tedavi edilmelidir, çünkü geciken tedaviler yetersiz kalmakta ve çok pahalı olmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı, metabolik sendrom, korunması ve tedavisini güncel bilgiler ışığında yansıtmaktır.Nowadays, metabolic syndrome is becoming big public health problem in the world. It is characteristic with high blood pressure, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Patients with metabolic syndrome should change their lifestyle. Physical activities, changing diet and weight loss are essential in the treatment. When patients with metabolic syndrome do not achieve their treatment, they should use some drugs. Firstly, treatment of insulin resistance is essential. Metformin, thiazolidinedions or glitazons should be used in the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Secondly, dyslipidemia and obesity should be treated with statin and fibrat. Metabolic syndrome’s other components like cardiovascular disease, hypertension and polycystic ovary syndrome’s treatment is generally linked with the treatment of insulin resistance, obesity and dyslipidemia since the insulin resistance is the main factor in the metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome should be early treated, because later treatments are inadequate and very expensive. The aim of this review is to reflect the metabolic syndrome, its prevention and treatment in the light of current knowledge availab