Cranial anatomy and palaeoneurology of the archosaur Riojasuchus tenuisceps from the Los Colorados Formation, La Rioja, Argentina.

Riojasuchus tenuisceps Bonaparte 1967 is currently known from four specimens, includingtwo complete skulls, collected in the late 1960s from the upper levels of the Los ColoradosFormation (Late Triassic), La Rioja, Argentina. Computed tomography (CT) scans of theskulls of the holotype and a referred specimen of Riojasuchus tenuisceps and the repreparationof the latter allows recognition of new features for a detailed analysis of its cranialanatomy and its comparison with a wide variety of other archosauriform taxa. The diagnosisof Riojasuchus tenuisceps is emended and two autapomorphies are identified on the skull:(1) a deep antorbital fossa with its anterior and ventral edges almost coinciding with thesame edges of the maxilla itself and (2) a suborbital fenestra equal in size to the palatinepterygoidfenestra. Also, the first digital 3D reconstruction of the encephalon of Riojasuchustenuisceps was carried out to study its neuroanatomy, showing a shape and cranial nervedisposition consistent to that of other pseudosuchians.Fil: Von Baczko, Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; ArgentinaFil: Desojo, Julia Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ; Argentin

Location Conditions in East Germany and in Poland from the Point of View of the Companies

A joint research project at the European University Viadrina, DIW Berlin and the Polish Academy of Science has investigated how companies assess their locational conditions and whether there is a relationship between location attributes and the company performance. In both countries the majority of companies assessed the same location attributes as being important or unimportant for the company's performance. Some remarkable differences were found in the evaluation of locational quality. In both countries, the supply of skilled employees is deemed to be the most important quality criterion of a location, and the current situation regarding this location factor is assessed as satisfactory. The companies in Poland more often evaluate the supply of training and qualification facilities as important compared to companies in East Germany, and the availability is assessed as good in both regions. Less important are traffic conditions. This is-not unexpectedly-assessed worse by Polish companies compared to the East German ones. The support by chambers of commerce is more often important for the Polish companies compared to East German ones. This potentially reflects the different importance of commercial authorities in both countries. Local administration is on average rated worse by the East German companies compared to Polish counterparts

Standortbedingungen in Ostdeutschland und Polen aus Sicht der Unternehmen

Die Europa-Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), hat zusammen mit dem DIW Berlin und dem Institut für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, Warschau, untersucht, wie die Unternehmen in Polen und in Ostdeutschland die Bedingungen an ihrem Standort bewerten und ob Zusammenhänge zwischen den Standorteigenschaften und dem Wirtschaftsergebnis der Unternehmen bestehen. Von den in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Standortmerkmalen werden in beiden Gebieten zumeist die gleichen für die Entwicklung der Unternehmen mehrheitlich als besonders wichtig oder als eher unwichtig eingestuft. Einige auffällige Unterschiede zeigen sich jedoch bei der Bewertung der jeweiligen Ausstattung. Für die meisten Unternehmen beider Gebiete zählt das Arbeitskräfteangebot zu den wichtigen Gütekriterien eines Standortes, und die jeweilige Situation wird als zufriedenstellend bewertet. Dabei stufen die Unternehmen in Polen Angebote zur Qualifizierung der Arbeitskräfte öfter als die in Ostdeutschland als besonders wichtig ein, die Angebote werden in beiden Regionen überwiegend als positiv eingeschätzt. Nicht ganz so wichtig ist die Verkehrsanbindung. Sie wird jedoch - nicht unerwartet - von den polnischen Unternehmen als erheblich schlechter eingestuft als von den ostdeutschen. Die Unterstützung durch die örtliche Verwaltung ist den polnischen Unternehmen hingegen deutlich häufiger wichtig als den ostdeutschen. Hierin kommen möglicherweise auch unterschiedliche Rollen der wirtschaftlichen Instanzen zum Ausdruck. Die ostdeutschen Unternehmen geben ihrer örtlichen Verwaltung deutlich schlechtere Noten als die polnischen Unternehmen

Restriction of measles virus gene expression in acute and subacute encephalitis in Lewis rats

No abstract availabl

Standortbedingungen in Ostdeutschland und Polen aus Sicht der Unternehmen

Die Europa-Universität Viadrina, Frankfurt (Oder), hat zusammen mit dem DIW Berlin und dem Institut für Wirtschaftswissenschaften der Polnischen Akademie der Wissenschaft, Warschau, untersucht, wie die Unternehmen in Polen und in Ostdeutschland die Bedingungen an ihrem Standort bewerten und ob Zusammenhänge zwischen den Standorteigenschaften und dem Wirtschaftsergebnis der Unternehmen bestehen. Von den in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Standortmerkmalen werden in beiden Gebieten zumeist die gleichen für die Entwicklung der Unternehmen mehrheitlich als besonders wichtig oder als eher unwichtig eingestuft. Einige auffällige Unterschiede zeigen sich jedoch bei der Bewertung der jeweiligen Ausstattung. Für die meisten Unternehmen beider Gebiete zählt das Arbeitskräfteangebot zu den wichtigen Gütekriterien eines Standortes, und die jeweilige Situation wird als zufriedenstellend bewertet. Dabei stufen die Unternehmen in Polen Angebote zur Qualifizierung der Arbeitskräfte öfter als die in Ostdeutschland als besonders wichtig ein, die Angebote werden in beiden Regionen überwiegend als positiv eingeschätzt. Nicht ganz so wichtig ist die Verkehrsanbindung. Sie wird jedoch - nicht unerwartet - von den polnischen Unternehmen als erheblich schlechter eingestuft als von den ostdeutschen. Die Unterstützung durch die örtliche Verwaltung ist den polnischen Unternehmen hingegen deutlich häufiger wichtig als den ostdeutschen. Hierin kommen möglicherweise auch unterschiedliche Rollen der wirtschaftlichen Instanzen zum Ausdruck. Die ostdeutschen Unternehmen geben ihrer örtlichen Verwaltung deutlich schlechtere Noten als die polnischen Unternehmen.Locational conditions, East Germany, Poland, Firm performance

The oldest known communal latrines provide evidence of gregarism in Triassic megaherbivores

Defecation in communal latrines is a common behaviour of extant mammals widely distributed among megaherbivores. This behaviour has key social functions with important biological and ecological implications. Herbivore communal latrines are only documented among mammals and their fossil record is exceptionally restricted to the late Cenozoic. Here we report the discovery of several massive coprolite associations in the Middle-Late Triassic of the Chañares Formation, Argentina, which represent fossil communal latrines based on a high areal density, small areal extension and taphonomic attributes. Several lines of evidence (size, morphology, abundance and coprofabrics) and their association with kannemeyeriiform dicynodonts indicate that these large synapsids produced the communal latrines and had a gregarious behaviour comparable to that of extant megaherbivores. This is the first evidence of megaherbivore communal latrines in non-mammal vertebrates, indicating that this mammal-type behaviour was present in distant relatives of mammals, and predates its previous oldest record by 220 Mya.Fil: Fiorelli, Lucas Ernesto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Transferencia Tecnológica de Anillaco; ArgentinaFil: Ezcurra, Martin Daniel. University of Birmingham. School of Geography; Reino Unido. Ludwig Maximilians Universitat; AlemaniaFil: Hechenleitner, Esteban Martín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Transferencia Tecnológica de Anillaco; ArgentinaFil: Argañaraz, Eloisa. Universidad Nacional de Cordoba. Facultad de Cs.exactas Fisicas y Naturales. Centro de Invest.paleobiologicas; ArgentinaFil: Taborda, Jeremías Ramón Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Trotteyn, Maria Jimena. Universidad Nacional de San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales. Instituto de Geologia "Dr. Emiliano Aparicio"; ArgentinaFil: Von Baczko, Belen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Desojo, Julia Brenda. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentin

Restriction of Measles Virus Gene Expression in Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis

Measles virus (MV) infection in brain tissue of a patient with measles inclusion body encephalitis was characterized by immunologic and biochemical techniques. Of the five major structural proteins of MV, only nucleocapsid (N) protein and phosphoprotein (P protein) were consistently detected in diseased brain areas. In contrast, hemagglutinin protein was seen only occasionally, and no membrane and fusion proteins were found in any of the sections studied. Messenger RNAs (mRNAs) specific for these five viral proteins were detected in all brain extracts examined; however, the mRNAs for the envelope proteins were clearly underrepresented in comparison with lytically infected cells. Only the mRNAs for N and P proteins appeared active in in vitro translations. These findings indicate quantitative differences in the pattern of mRNA expression in brain tissue and a restricted expression of MV envelope proteins in infected cells as observed in subacute sclerosing panencephaliti

vpu and env sequence variability of HIV-1 isolates from Tanzania

No abstract availabl

Multi-Frequency VLBI Observations of the Active Galaxy NGC 1052

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are among the most energetic sources in the universe, a large fraction of which are visible across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Historically a zoo of different types of AGN were categorized based on a variety of observational properties, which can be explained by one unification scheme. A subset of these sources is characterized by relativistic outflows, called jets. The standard model assumes intrinsic symmetry between the jet and the counter-jet. Radio interferometric observations provide the highest achievable resolution which is key to understanding the physics driving AGN jets. The scope of this thesis is to investigate the physical processes responsible for the launching and collimation of relativistic jets. This is achieved with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) at centimetre and millimetre wavelengths of the double-sided relativistic outflows within the active galaxy NGC 1052. At a distance of only 20 Mpc, linear scales down to a few hundred Schwarzschild radii can be imaged with mm-VLBI. The orientation of both jets close to the plane of the sky makes NGC 1052 an ideal target to study the symmetry-paradigm predicted by the unification scheme. The thesis is organized as follows. The first two chapters will give an introduction on our current understanding of launching, collimation, and emission processes of AGN and their jets as well as an overview on the technique of VLBI. In chapters 3 trough 5 I will present the analysis and results of a multi-frequency and multi-epoch study on NGC1052. Chapter 6 summarizes these findings and places them within the context of current AGN/jet scholarship. Additional information on the analysis is provided in tabular and graphical form in the appendices A and B. During my thesis work I developed a set of python scripts for calibration and analysis, which are presented in appendix C. In the following I give a short overview on the main results from this dissertation. Observations of NGC1052 at 22 GHz and 43 GHz over 4 years suggest an intrinsic asymmetry between both jets, which evolve east- and westwards in the plane of the sky. Based on a study of the outflow velocities, the eastern jet was found to be significantly faster than the western jet. Overall faster velocities were found compared to earlier estimates performed at lower frequencies. As the observing frequency increases regions are imaged at closer proximity to the jet spine. Therefore, these results point towards a transversal velocity gradient within both jets. The images from this study were used as input information for relativistic hydrodynamic simulations of the relativistic jets in NGC1052. The simulations favor a scenario in which a slightly over-pressured jet, resulting from a pressure-mismatch between the jet and the ambient medium at the nozzle, penetrates into a decreasing-pressure ambient medium. A molecular torus has been included in the simulations to account for thermal absorption. Based on the simulation results the torus particle number density is estimated within the range 0.7–1.0×10^22 cm^−2 . This numerical estimate is consistent with estimates from X-ray and radio observations. In addition, multi-frequency VLBI studies from 1.5 GHz to 86 GHz trace the absorbing effect of this torus, which covers large parts of the western, receding jet. It results in an emission gap between both jets whose size decreases with increasing frequency. Observations and simulations draw a consistent picture of the frequency-dependent thermal absorption of the non-thermal particles in the jet due to the optically thick structure. The torus only has a very small impact on the 43 GHz emission (and higher frequencies). Both jets are extremely straight and unresolved, however, there is a slight change in the western jet direction at about 2 milliarcseconds, which cannot be observed in the eastern jet. This kind of structure can only be explained by asymmetries, intrinsic to the jet or arising from interactions with the ambient medium