THE FLOWS OF IDEAS OF ENGLISH ARGUMENTS BY INDONESIAN WRITERS FOUND IN THE OPINION FORUM OF THE JAKARTA POST: AN INDICATION OF LANGUAGE SHIFT

English writing ability is badly needed by professionals and university students, to facilitate their study and career. However, writing coherently is difficult for many of them. Tangkiengsirisin (2010, 1) states that flow of ideas is the main criterion for advanced writing. This study is aimed at finding out the flows of ideas of English Arguments by Indonesian writers. The study is descriptive and qualitative, analyzing 14 articles from The Jakarta Post. The findings reveal that 64 % of the data are developed linearly, contradicting with Kaplan’s explanation that oriental groups express their ideas mostly indirectly, circularly. The socio-cultural context, i.e. globalization has changed the circular into linear pattern

CITATION AND TENSE FOR REVIEWING PREVIOUS RESEARCH IN THE INRODUCTION SECTION OF ENGLISH 35 SCIENCE JOURNALS BY NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS.

The aim of this study is to explore the citation pattern in relation to tense choice for reporting pastliterature in the Introduction section of English research articles by non-native speakers. Since theresearch dealt with one type of papers, i.e. research articles, Genre Analysis was adopted. Theresults indicate that in terms of types, IPC (Information Prominent Citation) referring to generalareas of research is much more dominant than APC (Author Prominent Citation) referring tospecific areas whereas in the standard pattern the number of APC should be more dominant thanIPC since IPC only functions as an “opening move” for reporting past literature. As IPC is moredominant than APC, the present tense also outnumbers the past tense

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Background: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods: The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings: We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation: Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding: Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Immunoglobulin, glucocorticoid, or combination therapy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children: a propensity-weighted cohort study

Background Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory condition associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, has emerged as a serious illness in children worldwide. Immunoglobulin or glucocorticoids, or both, are currently recommended treatments. Methods The Best Available Treatment Study evaluated immunomodulatory treatments for MIS-C in an international observational cohort. Analysis of the first 614 patients was previously reported. In this propensity-weighted cohort study, clinical and outcome data from children with suspected or proven MIS-C were collected onto a web-based Research Electronic Data Capture database. After excluding neonates and incomplete or duplicate records, inverse probability weighting was used to compare primary treatments with intravenous immunoglobulin, intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, or glucocorticoids alone, using intravenous immunoglobulin as the reference treatment. Primary outcomes were a composite of inotropic or ventilator support from the second day after treatment initiation, or death, and time to improvement on an ordinal clinical severity scale. Secondary outcomes included treatment escalation, clinical deterioration, fever, and coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN69546370. Findings We enrolled 2101 children (aged 0 months to 19 years) with clinically diagnosed MIS-C from 39 countries between June 14, 2020, and April 25, 2022, and, following exclusions, 2009 patients were included for analysis (median age 8·0 years [IQR 4·2–11·4], 1191 [59·3%] male and 818 [40·7%] female, and 825 [41·1%] White). 680 (33·8%) patients received primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, 698 (34·7%) with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, 487 (24·2%) with glucocorticoids alone; 59 (2·9%) patients received other combinations, including biologicals, and 85 (4·2%) patients received no immunomodulators. There were no significant differences between treatments for primary outcomes for the 1586 patients with complete baseline and outcome data that were considered for primary analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for ventilation, inotropic support, or death were 1·09 (95% CI 0·75–1·58; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids and 0·93 (0·58–1·47; corrected p value=1·00) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Adjusted average hazard ratios for time to improvement were 1·04 (95% CI 0·91–1·20; corrected p value=1·00) for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids, and 0·84 (0·70–1·00; corrected p value=0·22) for glucocorticoids alone, versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Treatment escalation was less frequent for intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids (OR 0·15 [95% CI 0·11–0·20]; p<0·0001) and glucocorticoids alone (0·68 [0·50–0·93]; p=0·014) versus intravenous immunoglobulin alone. Persistent fever (from day 2 onward) was less common with intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids compared with either intravenous immunoglobulin alone (OR 0·50 [95% CI 0·38–0·67]; p<0·0001) or glucocorticoids alone (0·63 [0·45–0·88]; p=0·0058). Coronary artery aneurysm occurrence and resolution did not differ significantly between treatment groups. Interpretation Recovery rates, including occurrence and resolution of coronary artery aneurysms, were similar for primary treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin when compared to glucocorticoids or intravenous immunoglobulin plus glucocorticoids. Initial treatment with glucocorticoids appears to be a safe alternative to immunoglobulin or combined therapy, and might be advantageous in view of the cost and limited availability of intravenous immunoglobulin in many countries. Funding Imperial College London, the European Union's Horizon 2020, Wellcome Trust, the Medical Research Foundation, UK National Institute for Health and Care Research, and National Institutes of Health

Linguistics and EFL Teaching Theories : The ‘Best’ Method

This paper will address several issues or topics which are interrelated: (a) the comprehensive review of the developments or the evolutions of linguistic theories from the rather distant past, the past and the present, and the projected trends, (b) which of the linguistic theories have been adopted by the EFL teachers and the reasons and the reasons for adopting those theories, (c) the contributions and the dominant linguistic theories which have applied, including translation studies, to the process of teaching and learning as a foreign language, successful or not, and why, (d) whether the EFL teachers (applied linguists) could or could not catch up and cope with the developments of linguistic theories and the implications and consequences of failing, (e) the processes by which first, second and foreign languages and cultures are acquired, viewed from various theories, including biolinguistics/neurolinguistic, and (f) whether there is such a thing as the ‘best’ method. The last part of this paper will look particularly at the impact of foreign language learning on (a) the quality of the language (sustainable, reduced or loss) and cultural achievements (sustainable or losing cultural identity) and (b) whether learning a foreign language, for example English, will reinforce our own cultural identity, both locally and nationally; thus learning a foreign culture which is built in the foreign language can help preserve our own cultural heritage, not necessarily sacrificing our own culture. Judging from the position above we could expect that the Indonesian people who are mostly bilingual and multilingual could learn English without necessarily having allegiance to the foreign culture. Instead, learning English is expected to strengthen our being multilingual in which we become a group of global community with a distinct identity such as Singaporean English, Malaysian English, Australian English, Papua New Guinea English and so on. The challenge is now how to design or redesign the existing curriculum and the teaching material which suit our purposes to achieve the communicative competence in the widest sense

Biolinguistics and the Implication for Teaching Language on Young Learners

Abstract: The majority of foreign language teachers tend to believe that there is a significant different approach in terms of a teaching strategy dealing with the first and second language instructions. Can those different approaches be substantiated by our sound justifica­tions based on our proper understanding and essential knowledge of language processes? Generally speaking, our understanding of the nature of language acquisition in terms of biolinguistics is only par­tial. Therefore, this paper attempts to explore the biological aspects of the process of language acquisition by a child and then compare it with the developments of the birth of language. In other words this paper will examine very briefly the micro and macro evolutions of language. Central to this discussion are the neurological develop­ments in the brain, which are responsible for language planning and the speech apparatus responsible for language productions. By ex­amining the two related activities, we can then study how language is actually carried out by human beings, both first and second language acquisitions. After developing a proper understanding of the bio­logical aspects of language, we can thus explore further the best way of language processes. This may constitute a new insight of lan­guage teaching because so far, relying on linguistic theories alone, it is often difficult to obtain the most acceptable information regarding the nature of first and second language teaching

Exploring International Student Orientation and Attitude towards Learning English in Malaysia

The Malaysian government is rigorously drawing up strategies to increase the already existing 60,000 foreign students currently studying in the country (The Star, 2009). With the influx of more foreign students and with English as the medium of instruction in local higher aspects that drive and/or deter them in learning English would be beneficial. The sample for this study (N=115) comprised of international students from China, Iran, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Korea, Vietnam, Maldives and the Middle East undertaking an Intensive English course at a local private college. Data collection was done via questionnaire which was designed based on a review of existing instruments in the field. Results show that orientation towards learning English does not vary according to nationality and gender; however, students from China and Korea tend to be more inclined towards instrumental orientation, while students from Kazakhstan and Iran are more inclined towards integrative orientation. Based on the findings, this paper also proffers recommendations for local higher education institutions to enhance ELT practices for incoming international students

IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DAERAH KABUPATEN SUMBAWA NOMOR 04 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI KABUPATEN SUMBAWA

Permasalahan sampah umumnya merupakan masalah klasik di daerahdaerah diIndonesia yang memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi, sebagaisalah satu daerah yang mengalami peningkatan penduduk secara cepat KabupatenSumbawa juga menghadapi persoalan yang sama, sehingga hal ini membuatPemerintah Kabupaten Sumbawa mengeluarkan Peraturan Daerah Nomor 04Tahun 2016 Tentang Pengelolaan Sampah. Maka dari itu penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk mengetahui bagaimana Implementasi Peraturan Daerah KabupatenSumbawa Nomor 04 Tahun 2016 Tentang Pengelolaan Sampah di KabupatenSumbawa pada studi kasus kegiatan penanganan sampah di KecamatanSumbawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif,dimana dalam pengumpulan data peneliti menggunakan teknik pengumpulan dataantara lain wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi, serta sumber data dalampenelitian ini didapatkan dari informant, dokumen dan peristiwa. Dari hasilpenelitian didapatkan bahwa dalam Implementasi Peraturan Daerah KabupatenSumbawa Nomor 04 Tahun 2016 pada studi kasus kegiatan penanganan sampahbelum cukup baik, hal ini terlihat dari kurangnya sosialisasi yang dilakukan olehpihak Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Sumbawa yang mengakibatkankurangnya kesadaran serta pengetahuan masyarakat dalam pengelolaan sampah,serta dalam pelaksanaan Peraturan Daerah tersebut Dinas Lingkungan HidupKabupaten Sumbawa terkait sumber daya manusia yang dimiliki masih belumkompeten dikarenakan personil yang dimiliki dalam menangani pengelolaansampah masih ada yang belum sesuai dengan bidangnya, maka upaya yangdilakukan pihak Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Sumbawa dalammenangani hambatan yang ada yaitu dengan cara pemaksimalan komunikasi sertapengadaan TPS3R dan penerapan prosedur 3R (Reduce, Reuse, danRecyle)secara maksimal. &nbsp