Modification of as-cast Al-Mg/B4C composite by addition of Zr

Zirconium was used in Al-Mg/B4C composite to improve compocasting efficiency by increasing particle incorporation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) results revealed that by addition of zirconium a reaction layer containing Zr, Al, B and C is formed on the interface of B4C-matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of extracted particles unveiled that the ZrB2 phase is the main constituent of this layer. Formation of ZrB2 is an exothermic reaction which can rise temperature locally around particles and agglomerates. Rising temperature around agglomerates in conjunction with turbulent flow of melt facilitates agglomerates wetting and dissolving into molten aluminum. As the result, final product contains more uniformly distributed B4C particles. Besides enhancing compocasting efficiency, addition of Zr and formation of reaction layer by improving particle matrix bonding quality, led to increase in ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the composite around 8% and 30%, respectively. SEM observations of the fracture surfaces confirmed that a proper bonding presents at the interface of particles and matrix in presence of Zr.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Adherence to Antihypertensives in Patients With Comorbid Condition.

BackgroundComorbidity has been noted as a potential barrier to proper adherence to antihypertensive medications.ObjectivesWe decided to investigate whether comorbidity could significantly affect adherence of Iranian patients with hypertension to their medication regimen.Patients and methodsTwo hundred and eighty consecutive hypertensive patients were interviewed in 4 cities of Iran. The 8-item Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS-8) (validated in Persian) was used to assess medication adherence. This scale determines adherence by scores as lower than 6 (low adherence), 6 or 7 (moderate adherence), and 8 (high adherence). Comorbidity was considered as any concomitant medical condition, which necessitates the patient to take medicine for a minimum of 6 months prior to the interviews.ResultsThe most common comorbid conditions were ischemic heart disease (65 patients, 23.2%), diabetes mellitus (55 patients, 19.6%), and dyslipidemia (51 patients, 18.2%). Mean (± SD) MMAS-8 score in comorbid group was 5.68 (± 1.85) and in non-comorbid hypertensive patients, it was 5.83 (± 1.91) (P = 0.631). Mean (± SD) number of comorbidities was 1.53 (± 0.75) in low adherence group compared to 1.54 (± 0.77) in moderate/high adherers (P = 0.98). With increasing the number of comorbid diseases, the proportion of patients with high adherence decreased successively from 20% in those with no comorbid disease to 14.1% in those with one or two comorbid conditions, and finally 11.1% in those with 3 to 5 comorbid conditions.ConclusionsWith increasing the number of comorbid conditions, the proportion of patients with high adherence decreases. In our opinion, this finding is a useful clinical note for healthcare providers when managing patients with hypertension who have other medical problems at the same time

Potentiel thérapeutique de JJ-3-42, un nouvel agoniste sélectif des récepteurs 5-HT2C, dans le traitement des maladies psychiatriques

Introduction: Dernièrement, différents éléments de preuve soutiennent les avantages potentiels de l'activation des récepteurs 5-HT2C dans divers troubles psychiatriques. À cet égard, JJ-3-42, un agoniste puissant et sélectif des récepteurs 5-HT2C, a démontré un profil prometteur dans des études préliminaires chez l'animal. Cependant, l'étendue des réponses centrales de ce nouveau composé dans diverses dimensions du comportement des animaux n'est pas encore claire. Dans cette étude, nous avons étudié les implications thérapeutiques possibles de l'activation des récepteurs 5-HT2C après l'administration de JJ-3-42 à l'aide d'un large éventail de modèles animaux de troubles mentaux. Méthodes: Dans un premier temps, nous avons examiné les résultats principaux de JJ-3-42 dans une batterie de tests comportementaux chez le modèle de souris TPH2-KI avec une déficience importante de sérotonine dans le cerveau. Plusieurs tests standards liés à la cognition, à l'anxiété, aux interactions sociales et au comportement répétitif/compulsif des animaux ont été utilisés. Dans cette étude et pour la première fois, nous avons comparé JJ3-42 à un ligand de sérotonine endogène non sélectif, le 5-HTP, et à un agoniste puissant et sélectif des récepteurs 5-HT2C, CP809.101, dans une cohorte de souris de type sauvage et homozygote (HO) TPH2-KI R439H. Deuxièmement, nous avons examiné les propriétés modulatrices de JJ-3-42 sur le système de la dopamine en utilisant des indices d'activité locomotrice d'animaux de type sauvage dans différents paradigmes. À cet égard, l'efficacité de JJ-3-42 à résister à l'activité hyperlocomotrice des animaux suite à l'administration de différents psychostimulants a été évaluée. Par ailleurs, la réponse d'une injection aiguë de JJ-3-42 sur l'activité locomotrice innée de DAT-KO HO ainsi que la locomotion de souris DAT-KO HO épuisées en dopamine ont été testées. Enfin, l'effet du prétraitement quotidien de JJ-3-42 sur la réponse locomotrice d'une dose ‘challenge‘ de cocaïne chez des animaux sensibilisés a été étudié. Résultats: Nous avons observé une réduction significative des tendances comportementales répétitives et agressives des souris TPH2-KI HO après l'administration de divers agents sérotoninergiques. En utilisant deux agonistes sélectifs du récepteur 5- HT2C, CP809.101 et JJ-3-42, nous avons démontré que ces réponses bénéfiques étaient véhiculées par l'activation des récepteurs 5-HT2C dans le cerveau. De plus, nous avons enregistré un fort caractère pro-cognitif et anti-compulsif pour le nouvel agoniste de 5- HT2C, JJ-3-42, dans plusieurs paradigmes comportementaux du modèle murin TPH2-KI. Nos résultats indiquent le profil favorable de JJ-3-42 par rapport à l'autre agoniste sélectif de la 5-HT2C, CP809.10, dans les tests liés à l'anxiété. En fait, nos résultats indiquent qu’à une dose puissante et thérapeutique de 10 mg/kg, JJ-3-42 est dépourvu de toute réponse anxiogène significative chez l’animal. Dans la deuxième partie de nos expériences, JJ-3-42 a montré un profil antipsychotique robuste et dose-dépendant en résistant à l'hyperactivité normalement induite par l'administration d'apomorphine et d'amphétamine. Nos résultats démontrent qu’à une dose de 10 mg/kg, ce composé n’a aucun effet sur l’état hyperdopaminergique inné ou induit des animaux, mais qu’à 20 mg/kg, il diminue considérablement l’activité locomotrice des souris DAT-KO HO et des animaux traités par psychostimulants. Contrairement, JJ-3-42 à 10 mg/kg a potentialisé les réponses locomotrices de la cocaïne et du MK-801 chez des souris, soulignant la complexité de l'interaction des récepteurs de la sérotonine 5-HT2C et du système dopaminergique dans le cerveau. Enfin, le prétraitement quotidien des animaux avec JJ-3-42 à 10 mg/kg n'a pas modifié la réponse d'une dose de ‘challenge’ de cocaïne chez les souris sensibilisées par rapport à une solution saline dans un protocole de sensibilisation de sept jours. Conclusion: Ces résultats confirment les effets positifs de l'agoniste du récepteur 5-HT2C JJ-3-42 dans la régularisation de différentes dimensions comportementales chez les animaux. Nos résultats démontrent des propriétés antipsychotiques et procognitives convaincantes pour JJ-3-42 dans divers modèles animaux de troubles mentaux. Ce composé a permis de réduire l'impulsivité et d'améliorer la sociabilité des animaux, sans signe de réponse anxiogène. Ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que JJ-3-42 pourrait posséder des indications thérapeutiques dans plusieurs dimensions de troubles mentaux telles que la schizophrénie, la toxicomanie ou les troubles obsessionnels compulsifs. Notre étude implique que ce médicament pourrait éventuellement entraîner moins d'effets secondaires et un meilleur contrôle des symptômes négatifs et cognitifs chez les patients psychiatriques. Enfin, nos résultats indiquent que JJ-3-42 pourrait réduire les indices d’agression et d’impulsivité sans provoquer d’anxiété dans la population cible. Considérant un besoin crucial de développer de nouveaux médicaments ayant une meilleure efficacité thérapeutique et des effets secondaires moindres, les résultats de cette thèse pourraient éventuellement conduire à une amélioration substantielle du traitement des maladies psychiatriques.Introduction: Recently, various lines of evidence support the potential benefits of 5-HT2C receptor activation in different psychiatric disorders. In this regard, JJ-3-42 a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor agonist has demonstrated a promising profile in preclinical animal studies. However, the extent of central responses of this new compound in various dimensions of animal behaviour is not clear yet. In this study, we investigated the possible therapeutic implications of 5-HT2C receptor activation following the administration of JJ-3-42, using a wide range of animal models of mental disorders. Methods: Firstly, we examined the central outcomes of JJ-3-42 in a battery of behavioural tests in the brain-serotonin deficient TPH2-KI mouse model. Several standard tests related to cognition, anxiety, social interaction and repetitive/compulsive behaviour were used. In this study and for the very first time, we tested the JJ-3-42 molecule, side-by-side with a non-selective endogenous serotonin ligand, 5-HTP, and a potent and selective 5-HT2C receptor agonist, CP809.101, in a cohort of wild type and homozygote (HO) TPH2-KI R439H mice. Secondly, we examined the potential of JJ-3-42 to modulate the dopamine system using indexes of locomotor activity in wild type animals using different paradigms. In this regard, the efficiency of JJ-3-42 to resist the induced hyperlocomotor activity following the administration of different psychostimulants was evaluated. Moreover, the response of acute injection of JJ-3-42 on the innate locomotor activity of DAT-KO HO as well as the locomotion of dopamine depleted DAT-KO HO mice was tested. Finally, the effect of daily pre-treatment of JJ-3-42 on the locomotor response following cocaine administration in sensitized animals was studied. Results: We observed a significant reduction of repetitive and aggressive behavioural tendencies of TPH2-KI HO mice following the administration of various serotonergic agents. Using two selective 5-HT2C agonists CP809,101 and JJ-3-42, we showed that these beneficial responses were most likely carried via activation of 5-HT2C receptors in the brain. Moreover, we recorded a strong pro-cognitive and anti-compulsive character for the new 5-HT2C agonist JJ-3-42 across related behavioural paradigms in the TPH2-KI mouse model. Our results, also, indicate the favourable profile of JJ-3-42 compared to the other selective 5-HT2C agonist CP809.10 in anxiety-related tests. In fact, our findings show that, in contrast to the compounds, at a potent and therapeutic dose of 10 mg/kg, JJ-3-42 is devoid of any significant anxiogenic response in animals. In the second part of our experiments, JJ-3-42 shows a robust and dose-dependent antipsychotic profile by preventing hyperactivity of animals induced by the administration of apomorphine and amphetamine. Our results demonstrates that, at a lower dose of 10 mg/kg, this compound has no effect on the innate or induced hyperdopaminergic state of the animals while at 20 mg/kg, it reduces the locomotor activity in DAT-KO HO mice and psychostimulant-treated WT animals. On the other hand, JJ-3-42, at 10 mg/kg, potentiated the locomotor responses of cocaine and MK-801, pointing out a complex interaction of the serotonin 5-HT2C receptors and the dopamine system. Finally, our results indicate that the daily pre-treatment of animals with JJ-3-42 at 10 mg/kg, does not change the locomotor response of a challenge dose of cocaine in sensitized mice compared to saline in a seven-days sensitization protocol. Conclusion: These results confirm the positive behavioural outcomes of 5-HT2C receptor agonist JJ-3-42 administration in the regulation of different mouse behaviours. Our results indicate compelling antipsychotic and pro-cognitive properties of JJ-3-42 in various mouse models of mental disorders. This compound successfully reduced the impulsivity and improved the sociability of the animals with no evidence of anxiogenic response. Taken together, our findings suggest that JJ-3-42 might possess therapeutic indications in several dimensions of mental disorders such as schizophrenia, drug addiction or obsessivecompulsive disorders. Our study implies that this drug could conceivably lead to fewer side effects and better control of negative and cognitive symptoms in psychiatric patients. Finally, our results indicate that JJ-3-42 might reduce the aggression and impulsivity indexes in animals, which might point out to the clinical implication of this drug in the future. Considering the crucial need for the development of new drugs possessing better therapeutic efficiency and less side effects, the results presented in this thesis should be considered a substantial progress towards the advancement of the use of 5-HT2C drugs in the treatment of psychiatric disorders

Proposing a Flowchart to Detect English Functional Equivalents for Persian Lexis: A Practical Approach

To translator trainers, teaching translation from trainees’ native to their foreign or second language is far more demanding than the other way round especially when it comes to detecting functional equivalence for the lexis of the source language. On the other hand, reaching a formulaic roadmap to English functional equivalence for Persian lexes would contribute to machine translation technology inasmuch as it can form the backbone of Persian-to-English digital applications and software. The present study aims at detecting a schematic approach to assist Persian-to-English translation trainees as well as translation software developers in detecting functional equivalents for Persian lexes. To this end, based upon the information gathered through observing an authentic translation process by a professional translator and following an interview with him in order to elucidate unclear points, a short, clear and to-the-point algorithm flowchart made up of two terminals, four decision diamonds and three process boxes was devised. Moreover, different sources such as dictionaries, thesauri, lexicons, and so forth used by the translator in question during the process of translation were introduced, along with a discussion of where, when and how they ought to be used

Effects of Brand Personality on Attitudinal and Behavioral Loyalty of Costumers of the Bank of Industry and Mine Branches in Tehran

One of the most important factors in the formation of customers’ loyalty to an organization’s products and services or its brand in general is the image of the brand personality in the minds of the customers. Therefore, to develop their position in the market, it is necessary that companies assess their brand personality in the minds of their customers and find its effects on customers’ loyalty. Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the effects of brand personality on attitudinal and behavioral loyalty of the customers of the Bank of Industry and Mine branches in Tehran.The population of this study was all the customers of the Bank of Industry and Mine in Tehran. Out of the whole population, 150 customers were selected based on the simple random sampling method. Data collection was done through a questionnaire and data analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The Pearson correlation analyses results indicated significant relationships between the four brand personality dimensions of responsibility, agility and activity, emotionality and courage and customers’ attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. However, no significant relationship was observed between brand simplicity and customers’ attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. Keywords brand personality, customers’ behavioral loyalty, customers’ attitudinal loyalt

Determination of Sodium Benzoate and Potassium Sorbate in “Doogh” Samples in Post Market Surveillance in Iran 2012

Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate are two major chemical preservatives which are used inDoogh (Iranian traditional dairy drink). In this study, a total of 27 commercial brands of highly consumed ofDoogh samples were analyzed. The means and standard deviation for concentration of these preservativesbased on HPLC results for analysis of benzoate and sorbate were 195·9 (SD 1·8) and 328·8 (SD 2·1) mg.Kg-1respectively. The minimum and maximum of benzoate content in various brands were 18.3 and 2345.1 mg.Kg-1and for sorbate were not detected and 4961.3 mg.Kg-1 respectively. The study revealed that there was notsignificant difference in preservative concentration in the samples that belonged to various dates. However, afew samples had a high preservative concentration, which could be a risk factor for human health, especiallywhen their intake was being occurred by various foodstuffs simultaneously

Study of Relationship between Behavioral Characteristics and Demographic of Customers and Their Expected Advantages in Smart Cellphone Market

The aim of the present research is to study relationship between behavioral characteristics and demographic of customers and their expected advantages in smart cellphone market. The period of investigation is 2015 and its locations are cellphone stores and software and hardware repair shops in Bandar Abbas. So, 270 samples selected for analysis using questionnaire by two-phase sampling. Questionnaire contents validity studied, improved and finally confirmed by marketing and management professors in PHD degree, questionnaire reliability obtained using 0.879 Chronbach Alpha. One-way variance analysis test, Chi-squar independence Kruskal Wallis used to analyze behavioral and demographic characteristics. 15 factors selected as customer’s expected advantages include: phone vitals, longevity and durability of the phone, phone operation system, price, security, auxiliary facilities, quality, software feature, phone connectivity, memory, ease of use, the ability to capture and view photos and videos, after-sales service and processor 3 parts of market identified by cluster analysis implementation on extracted factors each part has its own characteristics. Clusters are different based on variables such as material status, employment status number and income of family members, education, loyalty and consumption; but there was not any difference between clusters in terms of sex and age. Keywords: customers’ expected advantages smart cellphones, behavioral characteristics, demographic characteristic

An Automated Design of Reinforcement Concrete Building Structures

The purpose of this paper is to present the development and use of a computer program to perform an automated structural design of two dimensional static concrete structural systems. The structural systems considered herein are composed of reinforced concrete beams and columns connected by rigid joints. Structural systems composed of large numbers of joints and members may be analyzed by using the developed program. The paper presents the development of the structural analysis using the displacement method and matrix techniques and the development of the concrete axial-moment interaction criteria. This criteria is based on the ultimate strength design using the 1971 ACI Building Code requirements. A detailed sample problem of a four story concrete building structure is presented. The sample problem gives the details of computer program input and output. The presented computer program is written FORTRAN language

Relationship between changes in heart rate variability indices and blood glucose control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the mostcommon health problems in the community.DM is associated with pathologicchanges in the cardiovascular system due to alterations inthe autonomic nervous system (ANS). Dysfunction of thecardiovascular ANS can lead to fatal arrhythmias and suddendeath. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationshipbetween changes in heart rate variability (HRV)indices and blood glucose control status in patients withtype 2 DM. Patients with type 2 DM who presented toour university Diabetes Clinic were eligible to be included.Fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2-hour postprandial bloodglucose test (2PPG), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) weremeasured. According to the HbA1C the patients werecategorized as euglycemia (HbA1C <7%) and poorly controlledDM (HbA1C >7%). HRV indices were determinedby 24-hour Holter monitoring. There were 41 patientswith euglycemia and 39 patients whose blood glucosewas poorly controlled. pNN, SDANN, and SDNN indiceswere significantly higher in the euglycemia group thanin the group with poorly controlled glucose. There wassignificant and inverse correlation between pNN, SDANN,and SDNN with serum levels of HBA1C. However, no significantcorrelation was observed between FBS and 2PPGwith HRV indices. HRV indices were significantly lowerin diabetic patients with poorly controlled blood glucosewhen compared to diabetics with good control of bloodglucose. These findings reflect dysfunction of the ANS inpatents with poorly controlled blood glucose

Trends in precipitation and stream flow in the semi-arid region of Atrak River Basin, North Khorasan, Iran

In this paper trends of precipitation and stream flow are analyzed in the Atrak River basin in the North Khorasan province. Normal score linear regression, Mann-Kendall, and Seasonal Kendall trend tests were adopted. Three precipitation variables and two stream flow variables including total precipitation, maximum daily precipitation, and number of rainy days, mean discharge and peak discharge were studied. Annual, seasonal, and monthly trends of these variables were examined during a 35-year period starting from 1971 in six hydroclimatological stations. The results with all tests showed that despite no evidence of significant trend for the precipitation variables, trends for the hydrologic variables found to be significant. Whereas for most of the stations significant downward trend was observed for mean discharge, and for one third of the stations significant upward trend was observed for peak discharge. The results of seasonal trend analyses indicated that downward trends in the mean discharge are almost completely homogeneous across the seasons and significant for autumn, winter and spring flows in most of stations. Overall, although the precipitation pattern is considered as the major driving variable for the river discharge regime, but it is not the only possible cause and other causes such as landscape, land use changes and increased evapotranspiration due to higher temperature may play a rol