Risky driving in young adults : A review of the literature

Young drivers aged between 16 and 25 are consistently over-represented in fatal crash statistics and are more likely than older drivers to be involved in a range of intentional risky driving behaviours, such as drink driving, speeding, drag racing, and tailgating. This paper reports the fndings of a systematic search of published peer-reviewed literature, identifying the association between age and the characteristics of risky drivers, as well as interventions that have been developed to improve their safety. The results suggest that it is young males who are predominantly involved in unsafe driving and that these drivers are generally high in reward sensitivity, have antisocial peers, and believe that they are not dangerous drivers. Further to this, deterrence-based interventions have shown limited efectiveness for the specifc category of \u27hoon\u27 drivers, suggesting the need for targeted interventions across a multitude of domains. Efective intervention requires an understanding of the antecedents of dangerous driving behaviour, and it is concluded that interventions might be most efective when targeted towards these identifed criminogenic needs

Identification of mental illness in police cells: a comparison of police processes, the brief jail mental health screen and the jail screening assessment tool

The study investigated current police practices employed to identify those with a mental illness in police custody, and to evaluate the predictive utility of the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen (BJMHS) and the Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT). One hundred and fifty detainees were recruited from two police stations in Melbourne, Australia. Measures included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR, BJMHS and JSAT. Axis-I disorders were compared with police decisions regarding identification of mental illness based on their usual practices. Participants were classified as requiring referral for further mental health evaluation according to the screening tools. Results indicated that current police practices produced high false negatives, with many of those experiencing mental illness not identified. There was no significant difference in performance between BJMHS (AUC =0.722) and JSAT (AUC =0.779) in identifying those with a serious mental illness (p=0.109). However, JSAT performed significantly better at identifying any Axis-I disorder, excluding substance use disorders, as compared with BJMHS (AUC =0.815, vs AUC =0.729; p=0.018). Given the high prevalence of mental illness among detainees, there is a pressing need to introduce standardised screening tools for mental illness in police custody. This can assist the police in managing detainees appropriately and securing mental health services as required

Psychopathology in police custody: The role of importation, deprivation and interaction models

People experiencing mental illness are over-represented among police cell detainees, however limited work has sought to investigate the occurrence of psychopathology in police custody. The present study sought to examine the predictive power of personal factors (e.g., history of psychiatric hospitalisation), situational factors (e.g., police cell conditions), and their interactive effects to explain the occurrence of psychopathology in police custody. A total of 150 detainees were recruited from two metropolitan police stations in Melbourne, Australia. Personal factors were significantly associated with psychiatric symptomatology, with situational factors and interaction terms yielding no association. Detainees with preexisting vulnerabilities and those unsatisfied with police cell conditions demonstrated the highest levels of psychopathology. While all detainees experience some difficulties in police cells, it is those with pre-existing vulnerabilities that suffer the most. This may be due to the exacerbation of vulnerabilities by police cell conditions. The implications of these findings for provision of health care services in police cells are discussed

Correlates of criminal victimisation among police cell detainees in Victoria, Australia

People with mental illness are more likely to be crime victims than others; however, little is known about the relationship between offending and victimisation among mentally ill offenders. This study investigated the rates and types of victimisation among people detained in police cells (N = 764), with and without histories of mental illness. Those with mental disorders were 1.56 times (95% CI = 1.11–2.17) more likely to be victims of violent crimes than other detainees. Some subgroups of people with mental disorders were not over-represented as victims, raising the possibility that they were less inclined to report certain types of crimes. Implications are discussed with reference to police practice

What mediates psychopathology in stalking victims? The role of individual-vulnerability and stalking-related factors

Stalking victims report significant psychiatric morbidity, which often persists long after the stalking itself has ceased. Elucidating predictors of psychopathology in victims is critical to informing the clinical management of this population. This study examined demographic, individual-vulnerability and stalking-related predictors of general psychopathology and post-traumatic stress in a community sample of victims (n = 236). Regression analyses showed that both general psychopathology and post-traumatic stress were influenced by individual-vulnerability factors, particularly the use of avoidance coping, and stalking-related factors, most notably being subjected to threats. This study provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of factors that mediate psychiatric morbidity among stalking victims, and highlights the utility of clinicians focussing on modifying dynamic risk factors such as maladaptive avoidance behaviours to help alleviate victims\u27 psychological distress

Identification with social groups is associated with mental health in adolescents: evidence from a Scottish community sample

The promotion and maintenance of mental health is an increasingly important societal issue. Previous research has shown that identification with social groups is positively associated with adult mental wellbeing, with multiple group identifications being particularly beneficial. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the same is true for adolescents. 1111 Scottish secondary school students aged 13-17 completed a questionnaire investigating mental health symptoms and the extent of their identification with their family, school, and friendship groups. Higher identification with each group predicted better mental health. There was also an additive effect of group identification, with the odds of reporting psychiatric disturbance decreasing for every additional group with which participants identified strongly. These effects held even when age, gender, and group contact were controlled for. Our findings have implications for the prevention and treatment of mental problems, offering an alternative to traditional ways of viewing mental illness in adolescence and beyond

INFLUENCE OF COACHING IN PEDAGOGICAL MODELING ON THE COMPETENCIES OF MANAGEMENT STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Objective: The study aims to model opportunities to implement coaching technologies in training management students within the higher education system. The study objectives include defining the concepts of pedagogical modeling and coaching, as well as the role of coaching in the higher education system; examining traditional and innovative coaching approaches, tools, and practices used in management training; identifying the problems that hinder the application of coaching and proposing ways to overcome them.Methods: Qualitative and quantitative research methods were used, including a review of scientific literature and an expert survey. Data collection took place from January to March 2024, involving the analysis of literature and a survey of 51 experts in the field. Data analysis was performed using statistical techniques, such as Kendall's coefficient of concordance.Results: The study identified the most commonly used traditional and digital coaching technologies and assessed the problems associated with their implementation in management training. Key technologies included the GRO model and online coaching platforms. The main challenges were a shortage of qualified coaches and financial limitations. Measures such as coach training and financial support were suggested to overcome these challenges.Conclusions: The systematic application of coaching technologies can be an important element in management training, provided that identified challenges, such as the lack of administrative support and financial resources, are overcome. The findings have practical relevance for Russian universities and can help train managers capable of meeting the challenges of the current labor market

Tourmaline Composition of the Kı¸sladag Porphyry Au Deposit,Western Turkey: Implication of Epithermal Overprint

The Kışladağ porphyry Au deposit occurs in a middle Miocene magmatic complex comprising three different intrusions and magmatic-hydrothermal brecciation related to the multiphase effects of the different intrusions. Tourmaline occurrences are common throughout the deposit, mostly as an outer alteration rim around the veins with lesser amounts disseminated in the intrusions, and are associated with every phase of mineralization. Tourmaline mineralization has developed as a tourmaline-rich matrix in brecciated zones and tourmaline-quartz and/or tourmaline-sulfide veinlets within the different intrusive rocks. Tourmaline was identified in the tourmaline-bearing breccia zone (TBZ) and intrusive rocks that had undergone potassic, phyllic, and advanced argillic alteration. The tourmaline is present as two morphological varieties, aggregates of fine crystals (rosettes, fan-shaped) and larger isolated crystals and their aggregates. Four tourmaline generations (tourmaline I to IV) have different compositions and substitutions. Tourmaline I in TBZ and INT#1 is distinguished by the highest Fetot and enriched in Fe3+. Tourmalines II and III occur as fine aggregates, accompanied by the formation of isolated crystals and are characterized by lower Fetot and Fe3+. Tourmaline IV is characterized by the lowest Fetot, enriched in Cl, and has the highest proportion of X-site vacancy among all the tourmalines. Tourmaline I may be attributed to the potassic stage in INT#1 and early tourmaline in TBZ. Tourmalines II and III from INT#1 and the TBZ could be referred to the phyllic stage. The low Fe content in tourmaline is caused by the simultaneous deposition of sulfide minerals. Tourmaline IV from the TBZ and tourmaline II from INT#3 are distinguished by the high X-site vacancy proportion up to the formation of X-site vacant species as well as enriched in Cl; they can be attributed to the argillic stage of the hydrothermal process. The textural and especially chemical data of the tourmaline from the Kışladağ Au deposit provide information on the physico-chemical conditions during the porphyry to epithermal transition and subsequent epithermal overprinting

ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AFTER THE CIVIL WAR (1923-1926)

The article considers one of the little-studied periods in the history of the Russian Far East, i.e. the restoration of the national economy of the eastern part of the Soviet Union after the civil war (1923-1926). Using the historical-genetic, comparative-historical and problem-based chronological methods, the author of the article has analyzed the national economy of the Far East after the Russian Civil War, considered measures for its restoration and plans for the socialist transformation starting from 1926. The author has also revealed the role of the Soviet authorities and their leadership, in particular the head of the Far East Ya.B. Gamarnik

Establishing a classification of the stages of progression of the novel coronavirus infection to improve and facilitate morphologic diagnosis

Background: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has impacted over 264 million people and caused over 5 million deaths worldwide. Symptoms often include viral pneumonia, with complications like acute respiratory distress or sepsis, as well as myocarditis and kidney damage. The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on endocrine glands, as well as to develop a classification of stages of the course of COVID-19 to improve and simplify morphological diagnosis.Methods: The studies conducted include systemic analysis of the para-clinical data of patients who died of COVID-19 (according to medical documentation); a macroscopic study assessing the size and weight of external manifestations of endocrine organ lesions in COVID-19 cases with statistical evaluation of the detected signs. Archive analysis covers para-clinical data and data on significant concomitant and background pathologies based on the medical histories of 780 deaths from COVID-19 in infectious diseases hospitals of the city of Kostanay (Kazakhstan) during the period from 2019 to 2022.Result: Using pathomorphologic data from COVID-19 autopsies, we developed a scale for semi-quantitative analysis of each case. Medical data analysis suggests that the most notable endocrine changes are elevated blood glucose and low catecholamine levels due to adrenal hemosiderosis. No significant changes in sex or thyroid hormones were observed.Conclusion: The obtained findings require further consideration, given that the studied patients make up a rather diverse group. Nevertheless, the study can serve as an additional source of information in the struggle against COVID-19.Keywords: Coronavirus infection; Endocrine glands; Stage of disease