Essor et restructuration du vignoble chilien : l'exemple du Maule (VIIè région) : 1995-2005

National audienceDepuis le milieu des années 1990 la mondialisation du secteur viticole est une réalité avec l'apparition de pays dits de " nouveaux producteurs ", tels que les USA, Le Chili... Selon l'OIV, les 3 plus grands producteurs européens (France, Italie, Espagne) produisent chacun 2 fois plus que les USA (1er nouveau producteur). Le Chili qui ne pèse que pour 2,4% dans la surface mondiale des vignes à vin, est devenu le 5ème exportateur mondial de vin. Le Chili est l'exemple même d'une viticulture restructurée en tant que culture agricole capitaliste et exportatrice produisant des vins de marque et répondant à une demande croissante de consommateurs venant des pays anglo-saxons ou de l'Asie. La mise en place du programme territorial intégré de l'industrie vitivinicole du Maule " vinos de Chile 2010 " souligne l'émergence d'une véritable politique vitivinicole régionale. Il s'agit d'un plan associant les principaux acteurs régionaux de la filière : industries, organismes publics et universités. L'objectif est d'améliorer la compétitivité de l'industrie vitivinicole et positionner la région comme producteur de vins de qualité. Pour cela, le programme prévoit des fonds pour promouvoir les innovations technologiques dans l'industrie, des moyens marketing et favoriser le tourisme

Dynamic simulation of forest management normative scenarios : the case of timber plantations in the southern Chile

International audienceAccounting for spatial issues (spatially explicit simulation, geographical amenities and advantages of land use 10 and cover changes, etc.) to build prospective scenarios is a crucial issue for better assessment of possible impacts on the environment. Such spatialized scenarios and their implications allow societies to reduce the uncertainty of the future by exploring various strategies for land use changes. Despite the wide diversity in existing scenario-building techniques, two different approaches can be distinguished (exploratory vs. normative) for their methodological implications. The originality in this study comes from the use of a relevant exploratory 15 (dynamic) approach to map normative scenarios which, in most cases, are represented throughout the combination of narratives and synchronic land use and cover maps. The objective of the article is to apply this dynamic exploratory simulation approach to spatialize normative scenarios within the framework of forest management in southern Chile. In the results, two contrasting images of the future are compared, with the preservation of native forests on one hand and the spread of exotic timber plantations on the other

Integrating Decision Heuristics And Behavioural Refinements Into Travel Choice Models

Discrete choice modelling has become the preferred empirical context to study individuals’ preferences and willingness to pay. Although the outcome is important in decision making, so is the process that individuals adopt to assist them in reaching a decision. Both should be considered when analysing individual behaviour as they represent jointly the endogeneity of choice. Traditional choice studies assume, in the main, a linear in the parameters additive in the attributes (LPAA) approach, where individuals are rational, take into account all the attributes and alternatives presented to them when reaching a decision, and value the attribute levels exactly as were presented in the popular choice experiment paradigm. This has not always been shown to be a behaviourally valid representation of choice response, and there is a growing literature on the role of a number of alternative decision process strategies that individuals use when facing a decision, which are often referred to as heuristics, or simply as process rules. The majority of choice studies also assume that respondents have a risk attitude that is risk neutral (i.e., a risky alternative is indifferent to a sure alternative of equal expected value) and that they perceive the levels of attributes in choice experiments in a way that suggests the absence of perceptual conditioning. Considering each in turn, there are people who are risk adverse, risk taking or risk neutral, and this heterogeneity in risk attitude does influence individuals’ decisions when faced with different choice scenarios. Heterogeneity is also present for perceptual conditioning in cases where there is variability in the outcomes of an attribute(s), which allows for differences between the stated probability of occurrence (in a choice experiment) and the perceived probability used when evaluating the prospect. Finally, the (accumulated) experience that individuals’ have with each alternative might also influence their decisions. The objective of this research is to integrate multiple decision process strategies, Value Learning (VL) and Relative Advantage Maximisation (RAM) in particular, alongside the traditional LPAA ‘process rule’ with behavioural refinements (i.e., risk attitudes, perceptual conditioning and overt experience), to take into account process endogeneity in choice responses. A novel approach is used to include process heterogeneity, referred to as conditioning of random process heterogeneity, where the mean and standard deviation of the parameters normally defined under an LPAA heuristic are conditioned by process strategies. This approach takes into account the relationship between process heterogeneity and preference heterogeneity, of particular interest in studies that integrate random parameters and process strategies. The model performance results and willingness to pay estimates are compared to those obtained when using a probabilistic decision process method, increasingly used in the choice literature to accommodate process heterogeneity

A morphological model for sexing nestling peregrine falcons (Falco Peregrinus Macropus) verified through genetic analysis

Adult peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus macropus) have monotypic plumage and display strong reversed sexual dimorphism, with females significantly larger than males. Reversed sexual dimorphism is measurable among nestlings in the latter stages of their development and can therefore be used to differentiate between sexes. In the early stages of development, however, nestlings cannot be sexed with any degree of certainty because morphological differentiation between the sexes is not well developed. During this study we developed a model for sexing younger nestlings based on genetic analysis and morphometric data collected as part of a long-term banding study of this species. A discriminant function model based on morphological characteristics was developed for determining the sex of nestlings (n = 150) in the field and was shown to be 96.0% accurate. This predictive model was further tested against an independent morphometric dataset taken from a second group of nestlings (n = 131). The model correctly allocated sex to 96.2% of this second group of nestlings. Sex can reliably be determined (98.6% accurate) for nestlings that have a wing length of at least 9 cm using this model. Application of this model, therefore, allows the banding of younger nestlings and, as such, significantly increases the period of time over which banding can occur. Another important implication of this model is that by banding nestlings earlier, they are less likely to jump from the nest, therefore reducing the risk of injury to both the brood and the bander.<br /

Firm-specific and location-specific drivers of business location and relocation decisions

Decisions made by businesses on where to locate or relocate are typically given less consideration than residential location in integrated transport and land use modelling systems. This is surprising given the important role that businesses play in defining employment opportunities, and hence the travel patterns of workers and any travel associated with accessing firms. As part of a larger study on giving firm location choices an endogenous representation in an integrated model system, this paper reviews the existing literature on the drivers of location and relocation decisions in various geographical jurisdictions. The findings provide a starting position in the design of future firm-specific surveys and especially the attributes that are candidates for stated choice experiments and for inclusion in firm location utility equations embedded in integrated strategic model systems

¿Qué es la identidad indígena? La importancia simbólica del territorio natural en la lucha mapuche

This essay has as context the violent aggravation of the current conflict between Mapuche communities and the State, in the regions of Araucanía and Los Ríos, with regard to the exploitation of natural resources such as forests, water and coasts. This accounts for a lack of a theoretical framework for an adequate reading of this conflict which allows the State to elaborate adequate public policies that allow finding a peaceful and legitimate solution to the conflict. From the above, this essay attempts a dialogue between philosophy and anthropology in order to determine how the constitution of indigenous identity is structured, and how, this identity is organized from a relationship with the surrounding nature.El presente ensayo tiene como contexto la agudización de la violencia en el actual conflicto entre comunidades mapuche y el Estado, en las regiones de la Araucanía y Los Ríos de Chile, a propósito de la explotación de recursos naturales como bosques, agua y costas, lo que da cuenta de una falta de marco teórico de lectura adecuada de este conflicto que permita al Estado elaborar políticas públicas que posibilite encontrar una vía de solución pacífica y legítima al conflicto. A partir de lo anterior, este ensayo intenta un diálogo entre la filosofía y la antropología a fin de reflexionar sobre la constitución de la identidad indígena, y cómo -a diferencia de la identidad abstracta del hombre moderno- dicha identidad se organiza a partir de relación con la naturaleza circundante

“Justicia global, impuesto a la ciudadanía y fronteras abiertas” Daniel Loewe, Revista Filosofía, 2018, pp. 243-273

Resnción: Loewe, Daniel (2018). “Justicia global, impuesto a la ciudadanía y fronteras abiertas” en: HYBRIS: Revista de Filosofía, vol.9 Nº Especial: Debates contemporáneos sobre Justicia Social,julio 2018, pp.243-273

¿Qué es la identidad indígena? La importancia simbólica del territorio natural en la lucha mapuche

El presente ensayo tiene como contexto la agudización de la violencia en el actual conflicto entre comunidades mapuche y el Estado, en las regiones de la Araucanía y Los Ríos de Chile, a propósito de la explotación de recursos naturales como bosques, agua y costas, lo que da cuenta de una falta de marco teórico de lectura adecuada de este conflicto que permita al Estado elaborar políticas públicas que posibilite encontrar una vía de solución pacífica y legítima al conflicto. A partir de lo anterior, este ensayo intenta un diálogo entre la filosofía y la antropología a fin de reflexionar sobre la constitución de la identidad indígena, y cómo -a diferencia de la identidad abstracta del hombre moderno- dicha identidad se organiza a partir de relación con la naturaleza circundante

How to better represent preferences in choice models: the contributions to preference heterogeneity attributable to the presence of process heterogeneity

Discrete choice studies, with rare exception, assume that agents act as if sources of observed utility are captured through a linear in parameters and additive in attributes (LPAA) form, with some interactions. A growing number of transport (and other) choice studies have investigated one or more alternative processing rules adopted by agents in arriving at a choice, raising interest in how best to represent the utility expressions in a joint process and outcome choice model. Given the popular and appealing random parameter treatment of LPAA in mixed logit as a way of identifying non-systematic preference heterogeneity in a sample, this paper considers the possibility that we might be able to interact specific process heuristics with LPAA to uncover sources of systematic preference heterogeneity hidden in the standard LPAA form, and hence establish a link between the LPAA form and candidate process heuristics, offering a way to embellish and hence clarify the contributions to preference heterogeneity attributable to the presence of process heterogeneity. Specifically, we are interested in the extent to which there is a systematic relationship between the simple LPAA form and the more complex (albeit behaviourally realistic) process heuristics emerging in the transport literature which we call conditioning by random process heterogeneity (CRPH). In this paper, in addition to LPAA, we consider two process heuristics - Value Learning, and Relative Advantage Maximisation - with an overlay to account for risk attitudes, perceptual conditioning, and overt experience. The findings, using two data sets, suggest that empirically there exists a significant attribute-specific relationship between preference heterogeneity identified through specific process heuristics and through the LPAA assumption