The written sources of Paul's knowledge concerning Jesus.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston UniversityThe problem is to determine whether or not Paul may have had some written sources regarding Jesus. This dissertation is limited by excluding from consideration all possible sources other than written. It attempts to discover evidence of written sources and their nature and to correlate them with the documents posited as a result of Gospel-criticism. The tradition in the Church and the insights of the greatest interpreters must be used, but the primary method used in this study is to compare Pauline and Gospel passages with respect to their vocabulary, form, and content. These books are assumed as Pauline: Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians, 1 & 2 Thessalonians, and Philemon. Previous workers in the area of Paul's relation to Jesus fall into five groups: 1) those who believe that Paul founded a new Gentile Christianity independently on the basis of his own theology; 2) those who believe that Paul is dependent upon and agrees with Jesus in every way; 3) those who believe that Paul is often in substantial agreement with Jesus but that no connection is to be traced between the two; 4) those who believe that Paul continues Jesus' work and gospel being consciously dependent upon the Jesus of history; and 5) those who believe that Paul continues Jesus' work without conscious dependence upon the Jesus of history. [TRUNCATED

Southern Resident killer whale SRKW females and the tragedy of the commons

The Endangered population of Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in the Pacific Northwest is an obligate predator upon fish, with an apparent dependence upon mature Chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tsawytscha) populations that are also Endangered throughout most of the foraging range of these whales. The whales coevolved with the salmon in a classic predator-prey scenario in which both flourished for the past 15,000 years since the submergence of Beringia allowed the whales to colonize the eastern North Pacific from North Atlantic ancestral populations. The salmon were already in the North Pacific for at least 500,000 years prior, and Chinook salmon had evolved a very successful ecological lifestyle of predation and semelparous anadromy with homing instinct for spawning in the rivers in which they hatched. Along with their multiple populations from many watersheds and optimal run-timing for spawning in habitats from near estuarine to alpine, they were also large and nutritious fish available as killer whale food year-round in coastal and inland sea habitats. The ancestral piscivorous ecotype killer whales that colonized the eastern North Pacific did so in cooperative extended family tribes that tended to breed within the tribe – resulting in the genetically discrete communities of “resident” ecotypes: SRKW, NRKW, etc. Population success in each of these communities was dependent upon female fecundity, and this was ultimately limited by food availability and energetic “catch per unit effort”, CPUE. With no “birth control” the females in these populations could produce a calf as often as every two or three years (18 months gestation, one year lactation) and upwards of perhaps ten calves in a reproductive lifetime (age 11-45 approx). I will present forty years of documented evidence for the SRKW female cohort fecundity related to the tragedy of the commons in Chinook salmon management

Glazing daylighting performance and Trombe wall thermal performance of a modular façade system in four different Portuguese cities

This paper reports on a new façade system that uses passive solutions in the search for energy efficiency. The differentials are the versatility and flexibility of the modules, which are important advantages of the system. The thermal performance of Trombe walls and glazings and the daylighting performance of glazing were the key aspects analyzed in the results. Computational simulations were accomplished for the thermal performance of different arrangements of the modules with DesignBuilder software. The glazing daylighting performance was studied by means of Ecotect and Desktop Radiance programs and compared with the transmittance curves of glazings. Occupancy profile and internal gains were fixed according to the Portuguese reality for both studies. The main characteristics considered in this research were the use of two double glazings, four different climates in Portugal and one and two Trombe walls in the façade. The results show an important reduction in the energy consumption with the use of Trombe walls and double self-cleaning glazing in the façade, which also presented better daylighting performance.Author Helenice M Sacht benefited from a scholarship granted by Erasmus Mundus ISAC - Improving Skills Across Continents to perform her research work at University of Minho, from which resulted this article

Las cosmovisiones y la relación Dios/Mundo1

La división entre Dios y el mundo, reflejada en las teologías de la modernidad, acompaña la cosmovisión moderna. Las propuestas teológicas para el re-encantamiento del mundo buscan nuevas comprensiones de la relación Dios/ Mundo. Las tres líneas que se están desarrollando actualmente para una agenda de re-encantamiento son el panteísmo, el panenteísmo y la ortodoxia oriental. En panteísmo busca pistas en el paganismo, el panenteísmo explora la presencia de Dios en y a través del cosmos y la ortodoxia oriental incorpora la Trinidad en su distinción entre la esencia de Dios y su actividad en el universo. La relación Dios/Mundo es un tema vital para la teología, ya que se refiere a la naturaleza de nuestra fe y nuestra práctica en el mundo, lo que a su vez tiene que ver con nuestra forma de estar en el mundo.The modern worldview has been accompanied by a theology that establishes a divide between God and the world. The theological proposals for the re-enchantement of the world seek new understandings of the God/World relationship. The three directions that a theology of re-enchantment is taking are pantheism, panentheism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Pantheism focuses on paganism and pagan studies, panentheism explores the presence of God in and through the cosmos, while Eastern Orthodox theology incorporates the Trinity in its distinction between the essence of God and God’s creative activity. The God/World relationship is a vital issue for theology, because it has to do with the nature of our faith and practice in the world, which has to do with our way of being in the world

Rediscovering engagement after Descartes — phenomenology, Macmurray, and the primal world-view

Philosophy in the tradition of Kant and Descartes is characterised by disengagement and objectification. But the rationalist world-view of Descartes and Newton has been challenged from within by the focus on engagement and personification in the work of philosophers such as Macmurray and those in the phenomenological tradition such as Husserl and Merleau-Ponty. This challenge may be indicative of a paradigm shift within modernity. In a manner reminiscent of an African world-view, Macmurray attempts to reinstate relationism, while the phenomenologists propose a similar emphasis on immediate, sensuous appreciation of, and engagement with, the environment. The African world-view is distinctly similar to those proposed by Macmurray and the phenomenologists

La postmodernidad y el re- encantamiento del mundo: propuestas tentativas

The re-enchantment of the world – understood as the recovery of a way of seeing and being in the world that recognizes the subjectivity and personality of the world and that which is in it, and that re-engages body and mind, self and other, individual and community, God and world – is a task for the sciences, including ontology, epistemology, cosmology and theology, that were employed in the emergence of the crisis of modernity. The rationalist world vision of Descartes and Newton has been challenged by philosophers who emphasize personification and engagement in the relationship with the environment. Morris Berman uses quantum physics to demonstrate the feasibility of a re-enchanted universe, while adopting the atheism of modernity. This raises the question of a theological paradigm for the project of re-enchantment of the world.El re-encantamiento del mundo - entendido como la recuperación de una forma de ver y estar en el mundo que reconoce la subjetividad y la personalidad del mundo y de lo que está en él, y que busca re-establecer el vínculo entre el cuerpo y la mente, el “yo” y el “otro”, el individuo y la comunidad, Dios y el mundo - es una tarea para las ciencias, incluyendo la ontología, la epistemología, la cosmología y la teología, que fueron utilizadas en el desarrollo de la crisis de la modernidad. La cosmovisión racionalista de Descartes y Newton ha sido desafiada por filósofos que enfatizan la corporeidad y la vinculación en la interrelación con el entorno. La propuesta de Morris Berman, quien utiliza la física cuántica para demostrar la factibilidad de un mundo re-encantado, adopta el ateísmo de la modernidad. Esto levanta la pregunta por un paradigma teológico para el proyecto de re-encantamiento del mundo

Layered double hydroxides : synthesis and application in gene delivery to mammalian cells in culture.

Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2010.Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) or hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTLcs) are classified as anionic clays in which their structure is based upon brucite and are represented by the following general chemical formula: [MII1-xMIII x(OH)2]x+(An-)x/y.yH2O where MII and MIII represent various possible divalent cations, e.g., Mg2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Co2+ and Fe2+ and trivalent cations, e.g., Al3+, Fe3+ and Cr3+ respectively. The value x is equal to the stoichiometric ratio of MIII/(MII+MIII) and An- represents exchangeable anions such as CO32-, Cl- and SO42-. It is these exchangeable interlayer anions, which make layered double hydroxide compounds excellent carriers of negatively charged or anionic containing biomolecules, such as DNA and hence can be exploited in their use in gene therapy. In this study, a variety of Mg-Al hydrotalcites (HTs), Zn-Al, Zn-Fe and Mg-Fe LDHs were synthesized using co-precipitation. The synthesized compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). XRD patterns for the synthesized HTs and LDHs exhibited characteristic features indicative of an ordered layered material. Elemental analysis of the compounds revealed a measured value of x in the range of 0.25-0.33 for Mg-Al HTs and Zn-Fe LDHs, 0.11-0.16 for Zn-Al LDHs and 0.55-0.58 for Mg-Fe LDHs. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups and interlayer anions. From electron microscopy, the compounds exhibited classical morphologies typical of HT and LDH compounds and had a lateral size range of 200-300 nm. These compounds were studied in their ability to bind DNA with the use of a gel retardation or band shift assay. This assay confirmed that these compounds are indeed able to bind DNA. The binding mechanism of DNA to the HT and LDH compounds was evaluated and plausible mechanisms were proposed. Furthermore, nuclease digestion assays were carried out in order to evaluate the potential protecting ability that these compounds afford towards the bound DNA in the presence of serum. It was observed that all compounds protected most of the bound DNA. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated in the HEK293, HepG2 and HeLa mammalian cell lines using the MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salts) assay with a concentration range of 20-100 μg of respective HT/LDH compound. For most of the compounds, cell viability was observed in excess of 80 %. Finally, transfection studies were carried out utilizing green fluorescent protein (GFP) analysis and luciferase gene expression using the same mammalian cells in culture. It was noted that all HTs and LDHs were able to release DNA in a controlled prolonged manner over a period of three days. Green fluorescent protein gene expression commenced after 27 hours and reached a maximum at 72 hours. Efficient luciferase gene expression was observed with luciferase activities for DNA: HTs ranging from 0.05 x 106 - 2.0 x 106 RLU / mg protein and DNA: LDHs ranging from 0.05 x 106 - 16.7 x 106 RLU / mg protein. Highest luciferase activity was recorded as 16.7 x 106 RLU / mg protein

The effect of parenteral vitamin B12 on the growth rate of dairy calves over the summer and autumn on seven farms from the Central Plateau, New Zealand.

AIMS: To investigate the effect of parenteral vitamin B12 supplementation on the growth rate of dairy heifer calves over the summer and autumn on seven farms from the Central Plateau of New Zealand, an area historically associated with low cobalt levels in grazing pasture. METHODS: This was a controlled clinical trial conducted on a convenience sample of seven farms with young female calves randomly assigned to three vitamin B12 treatment groups and followed through a grazing season. Two treatment groups received either monthly SC injections of a short-acting (SA) B12 formulation or 3-monthly injections of a long-acting (LA) B12 formulation and the third group received no treatment (NT). No additional parenteral vitamin B12 was given; however, all calves received additional cobalt (0.04-0.4 mg Co/kg liveweight) in the mineralised anthelmintic drenches given orally every month. Liveweight was recorded in December/January and at the end of the trial in May/June/July depending on farm. Pasture cobalt concentrations (mg/kg DM) were measured every month using 500-g herbage samples from 100-m transects in the area about to be grazed by the trial groups. RESULTS: There was evidence for a difference in growth rate between groups with mean final weight of 228 (95% CI = 212-243) kg for the LA groups, 224 (95% CI = 209-239) kg for the SA groups and 226 (95% CI = 211-241) kg for the NT groups respectively, (global p-value = 0.014). Calves given SA vitamin B12 were 3.77 (95% CI = 0.71-6.82) kg lighter than calves given LA vitamin B12 (p = 0.011). There was no evidence for a change in pasture cobalt concentrations (p = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this trial raise the question as to whether the routine use of vitamin B12 supplementation in young cattle from areas traditionally thought to be cobalt deficient is necessary, and further raise the possibility that vitamin B12 supplementation by repeated injection of SA products may negatively impact growth rates.fals