Elicitation of structured engineering judgement to inform a focussed FMEA

The practical use of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) has been criticised because it is often implemented too late and in a manner that does not allow information to be fed-back to inform the product design. Lessons learnt from the use of elicitation methods to gather structured expert judgement about engineering concerns for a new product design has led to an enhancement of the approach for implementing design and process FMEA. We refer to this variant as a focussed FMEA since the goal is to enable relevant engineers to contribute to the analysis and to act upon the outcomes in such a way that all activities focus upon the design needs. The paper begins with a review of the proposed process to identify and quantify engineering concerns. The pros and cons of using elicitation methods, originally designed to support construction of a Bayesian prior, to inform a focussed FMEA are analysed and a comparison of the proposed process in relation to the existing standards is made. An industrial example is presented to illustrate customisation of the process and discuss the impact on the design process

Digital Histories of Crime and Research-Based Teaching and Learning

The proliferation of digitised primary sources has created exciting possibilities for those of us teaching undergraduate modules on crime and punishment in nineteenth century England and Wales. In this article, we reflect on our experience of devising and running a ‘special subject’ at the University of Liverpool in which we encourage our students to see themselves as active, independent researchers - as producers, rather than passive consumers, of knowledge. Working on individual projects in a group of 15, students tackle the different stages of the research process side-by-side, discussing issues of research design, record-linkage and the interpretation and analysis of primary and secondary sources with each other as well as with members of staff and PhD students. In our experience, this approach leads to very high levels of student engagement. It also provides invaluable, ‘hands-on’ research training for final year undergraduates as they prepare to embark on their dissertations

Memory and place on the Liverpool waterfront in the mid-twentieth century

This article explores the changing urban form and society of waterfront Liverpool in the last generation of the city's role as a traditional general cargo seaport. Deriving much of its evidence from a collaborative public history project, it demonstrates the continuing vitality of the near waterfront zone into the 1960s, and interprets the subsequent sudden collapse of the district with the closure of the south docks in 1972. Interviewees identified sites of memory that cast light on both the routine working of the district and the nature of its fall into dereliction and abandonment

Digital Histories of Crime and Research-Based Teaching and Learning

The proliferation of digitised primary sources has created exciting possibilities for those of us teaching undergraduate modules on crime and punishment in nineteenth century England and Wales. In this article, we reflect on our experience of devising and running a \u27special subject\u27 at the University of Liverpool in which we encourage our students to see themselves as active, independent researchers - as producers, rather than passive consumers, of knowledge. Working on individual projects in a group of 15, students tackle the different stages of the research process side-by-side, discussing issues of research design, record-linkage and the interpretation and analysis of primary and secondary sources with each other as well as with members of staff and PhD students. In our experience, this approach leads to very high levels of student engagement. It also provides invaluable, \u27hands-on\u27 research training for final year undergraduates as they prepare to embark on their dissertations

Is this going to hurt? An investigation into managing pain for the insertion of intrauterine contraceptives for women in the UK

The insertion of intrauterine contraceptives (IUCs) can be an invasive and painful procedure for women, and current guidelines by the Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health (FSRH), and National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) do not provide recommendations for analgesia as standard. This survey and review demonstrate evidence for the pain experienced by women during insertion of IUCs and summarises literature on pain modulation methods. IUCs are devices which alter the environment of the uterus and cervical mucus to be inhospitable to a fertilised egg, thus avoiding unwanted pregnancy. Some are also licensed for use in treating dysmenorrhea, or painful periods. Primary data was sourced through an online survey on SurveyMonkey.com and shared via social media to 75 anonymous women who had had an IUC inserted. The survey results show the most common pain score on a scale of 0-10 was 8, and 46% participants felt the pain experienced was higher than anticipated. Women who had not had children prior to the procedure (nulliparous) had higher mean pain scores than women with children (multiparous). These findings confirmprevious research proving nulliparous women find the procedure more painful than multiparous women. Current literature demonstrates evidence of the efficacy of paracervical lidocaine blocks as pain relief for IUC insertion (IUC-I). The findings from this study provide evidence for a more comprehensive review of protocols for IUC-I in the UK, as currently no analgesia is licensed or recommended, and it can be an unnecessarily painful experience for women

How do the negative opinions of Physician Associates affect the current cohorts of Physician Associate students?

Results of a survey of PA students eploring how current negativepubliity about PAs is affecting student

Estudi de l'efecte del reg amb aigues tractades amb osmosi directa o no sobre un cultiu d'enciam: rendiment agronòmic i composició

En els darrers anys hi hagut un gran increment de la demanda hídrica, tant en zones urbanes com en agrícoles, mentre que l’oferta s’ha mantingut igual o fins i tot, en alguns llocs, ha disminuït. L’increment de la població mundial any rere any sumada a la crisi climàtica en que vivim fa que aquest recurs sigui cada cop més escàs. Una de les possibles solucions a aquest problema es la utilització de les aigües residuals regenerades. La reutilització d’aquesta aigua es dona principalment en agricultura, però sobretot en espais verds com podrien ser parcs i jardins urbans, o fins i tot camps de golf. L’objectiu principal del treball va ser avaluar els efectes de la utilització de diferents tipus d’aigües en el desenvolupament i creixement dels enciams, contingut de clorofil·les, contingut d’elements minerals com nitrats, potassi i calci, i també contingut de lípids i carbohidrats en un cultiu d’enciam varietat romana. L’assaig es va realitzar al Parc UPC-Agropòlis de Viladecans dins d’hivernacle de vidre, amb cultiu fora sòl i ha durat un total 79 dies. S’han utilitzat tres tipus d’aigües/tractaments: 1) aigua del dipòsit de la finca, és a dir, aigua barreja de la recollida de la pluja i de pou , 2) aigua recollida del canal i 3) aigua sotmesa a un procés d’osmosi directe. L’aigua de canal és una barreja de diferents tipus d’aigua (regenerada, escolament, drenatge i pluja). Durant el temps de cultiu es va avaluar l’evolució del nombre de fulles i la longitud de la fulla més llarga. Després de la collita es va quantificar la biomassa, el contingut clorofíl·lic i el contingut dels elements com nitrats, potassi i calci. En els laboratoris del centre d’investigació IDAEA-CSIC es va determinar el contingut de lípids i carbohidrats. Es van detectar diferències significatives en el número de fulles per planta, però no en longitud de fulles ni en biomassa. En l’estudi del contingut de lípids no va haver-hi diferències significatives, però si en el cas dels carbohidrats. Tampoc va haver-hi grans diferències pel que fa a la composició de clorofil·les. En el cas dels elements com nitrats, potassi i calci si que es van veure diferències significatives entre els tractaments.En los últimos años ha habido un gran incremento de la demanda hídrica, tanto en zonas urbanas como en agrícolas, mientras que la oferta se ha mantenido igual o incluso en algunos lugares ha disminuido. El incremento de la población mundial año tras año sumada a la crisis climática en la que vivimos hace que este recurso sea cada vez más escaso. Una de las posibles soluciones a este problema es la utilización de aguas residuales regeneradas. La reutilización de este agua se da principalmente en agricultura, pero sobre todo en espacios verdes como podrían ser parques y jardines urbanos, o incluso campos de golf. El objetivo principal del trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de la utilización de diferentes tipos de aguas en el desarrollo y crecimiento de las lechugas, contenido de clorofilas, contenido de elementos minerales como nitratos, potasio y calcio, así como contenido de lípidos y carbohidratos en un cultivo de lechuga variedad romana. El ensayo se realizó en el Parque UPC-Agropolis de Viladecans dentro de invernadero de vidrio, con cultivo fuera de suelo y ha durado un total 79 días. Se han utilizado tres tipos de aguas/tratamientos: 1) agua del depósito de la finca, es decir, agua mezcla de la recogida de la lluvia y de pozo, 2) agua recogida del canal y 3) agua sometida a un proceso de ósmosis directo. El agua de canal es una mezcla de diferentes tipos de agua (regenerada, escorrentía, drenaje y lluvia). Durante el tiempo de cultivo se evaluó la evolución del número de hojas y la longitud de la hoja más larga. Después de la cosecha se cuantificó la biomasa, el contenido clorofílico y el contenido de los elementos como nitratos, potasio y calcio. En los laboratorios del centro de investigación IDAEACSIC se determinó el contenido de lípidos y carbohidratos. Se detectaron diferencias significativas en el número de hojas por planta pero no en longitud de hojas ni en biomasa. En el estudio del contenido de lípidos no hubo diferencias significativas, pero sí en el caso de los carbohidratos. Tampoco hubo grandes diferencias en lo que se refiere a la composición de clorofilas. En el caso de elementos como nitratos, potasio y calcio sí que se vieron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos.In recent years there has been a large increase in water demand, both in urban and agricultural areas, while supply has remained the same or even, in some places, decreased. The growing world population year after year coupled with the climate crisis we live in is making this resource increasingly scarce. One of the possible solutions to this problem is the use of regenerated wastewater. The reuse of this water occurs mainly in agriculture, but especially in green spaces such as parks and urban gardens, or even golf courses. The main objective of the work was to evaluate the effects of the use of different types of water on the development and growth of lettuce, chlorophyll content, content of mineral elements such as nitrates, potassium and calcium, and also content of lipids and carbohydrates in a crop of Roman variety lettuce. The test was carried out in the UPC-Agropòlis Park in Viladecans inside a glass greenhouse, with cultivation above ground and lasted a total of 79 days. Three types of water / treatments have been used: 1) water from the farm tank, ie mixed water from rain and well collection, 2) water collected from the canal and 3) water subjected to a direct osmosis process. Canal water is a mixture of different types of water (regenerated, runoff, drainage and rain). During the growing season, the evolution of the number of leaves and the length of the longest leaf were evaluated. After harvest, biomass, chlorophyll content and content of elements such as nitrates, potassium and calcium were quantified. The lipid and carbohydrate content was determined in the laboratories of the IDAEACSIC research center. Significant differences were detected in the number of leaves per plant, but not in leaf length or biomass. There were no significant differences in the study of lipid content, but in the case of carbohydrates. There were also no major differences in the composition of chlorophylls. In the case of elements such as nitrates, potassium and calcium, significant differences were seen between the treatments