To each their own! Nectar plasticity within a flower mediates distinct ecological interactions

Our results highlight the plasticity of nectar traits underlying the diversity of nectaries within a plant, which mediates distinct ecological interactions. Nuptial nectaries are exclusively visited by bees and extranuptial nectaries by ants, cockroaches, wasps and flies. Nectar from these nectaries differ in energy amount, nutritional value and neuroactive specialized metabolites. The specificity of visitors' taxa between distinct nectaries may be due to plant-driven differences in nectar chemical composition. Nevertheless, as all floral visitors exclusively consume only one of the two nectar types, they are prone to exert selective pressures upon nectar traits, selecting those that fit their specific preferences.Nuptial and extranuptial nectaries are involved in interactions with different animal functional groups. Nectar traits involved in pollination mutualisms are well known. However, we know little about those traits involved in other mutualisms, such as ant-plant interactions, especially when both types of nectaries are in the same plant organ, the flower. Here we investigated if when two types of nectaries are exploited by distinct functional groups of floral visitors, even being within the same plant organ, the nectar secreted presents distinct features that fit animal requirements. We compared nectar secretion dynamics, floral visitors and nectar chemical composition of both nuptial and extranuptial nectaries in natural populations of the liana Amphilophium mansoanum (Bignoniaceae). For that we characterized nectar sugar, amino acid and specialized metabolite composition by high-performance liquid chromatography. Nuptial nectaries were visited by three medium- and large-sized bee species and extranuptial nectaries were visited mainly by ants, but also by cockroaches, wasps and flies. Nuptial and extranuptial nectar differed regarding volume, concentration, milligrams of sugars per flower and secretion dynamics. Nuptial nectar was sucrose-dominated, with high amounts of gamma-aminobutyric acid and beta-aminobutyric acid and with theophylline-like alkaloid, which were all exclusive of nuptial nectar. Whereas extranuptial nectar was hexose-rich, had a richer and less variable amino acid chemical profile, with high amounts of serine and alanine amino acids and with higher amounts of the specialized metabolite tyramine. The nectar traits from nuptial and extranuptial nectaries differ in energy amount and nutritional value, as well as in neuroactive specialized metabolites. These differences seem to match floral visitors' requirements, since they exclusively consume one of the two nectar types and may be exerting selective pressures on the composition of the respective resources of interest

Contribution of an Aged Microenvironment to Aging-Associated Myeloproliferative Disease

The molecular and cellular mechanisms of the age-associated increase in the incidence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remain poorly understood. Multiple studies support that the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment has an important influence on leukemia progression. Given that the BM niche itself undergoes extensive functional changes during lifetime, we hypothesized that one mechanism for the age-associated increase in leukemia incidence might be that an aged niche promotes leukemia progression. The most frequent genetic alteration in AML is the t(8;21) translocation, resulting in the expression of the AML1-ETO fusion protein. Expression of the fusion protein in hematopoietic cells results in mice in a myeloproliferative disorder. Testing the role of the age of the niche on leukemia progression, we performed both transplantation and in vitro co-culture experiments. Aged animals transplanted with AML1-ETO positive HSCs presented with a significant increase in the frequency of AML-ETO positive early progenitor cells in BM as well as an increased immature myeloid cell load in blood compared to young recipients. These findings suggest that an aged BM microenvironment allows a relative better expansion of pre-leukemic stem and immature myeloid cells and thus imply that the aged microenvironment plays a role in the elevated incidence of age-associated leukemia

Estrutura e composição florística de um Cerrado sensu stricto e sua importância para propostas de restauração ecológica

Bordas são áreas de transição entre dois ecossistemas e podem ter origem natural ou antrópica. A influência de borda inclui tanto os efeitos diretos, relacionados às alterações microambientais, como os efeitos indiretos que afetam as interações entre espécies. Adicionalmente, estudos sugerem que a orientação cardinal pode modificar os efeitos microambientais da borda. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de borda sobre os fatores microambientais, as condições edáficas locais, a densidade e a riqueza de espécies em um Cerrado sensu stricto em Itirapina, SP, Brasil. Especificamente, nós investigamos se as características microambientais (umidade relativa do ar (%), radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR), temperatura e porcentagem de abertura de dossel), as condições edáficas e a composição da vegetação diferem entre parcelas (36 parcelas de 25 × 2 m distanciadas 50 m entre si) distribuídas na borda e no interior, orientadas a leste e a sul do Cerrado estudado. Todos os indivíduos lenhosos com circunferência a 30 cm da base do caule ≥ 3 cm foram amostrados e marcados. As variáveis microambientais e as amostras de solo para análises químicas e granulométricas (0-20 cm de profundidade) foram coletadas em três pontos de cada parcela. Foi registrado um total de 120 espécies distribuídas em 40 famílias. Dentre os parâmetros estruturais da vegetação, somente a densidade absoluta foi significativamente maior no interior sul do fragmento. As variáveis microambientais diferiram significativamente entre as faces leste e sul, mas não entre borda e interior. Os parâmetros microambientais e estruturais não caracterizaram uma influência da borda. Entretanto, a orientação cardinal leste e sul e fatores microambientais associados, e a presença de determinados nutrientes no solo como o Mn, influenciaram a estrutura da vegetação de Cerrado e a sua composição em espécies. Nossos resultados ressaltam a importância de considerar a orientação cardinal, além da composição de nutrientes no solo, e dos fatores microambientais, para compreender as variações da vegetação em escala local.Edges are transition areas between two adjacent ecosystems that can be originated by natural or anthropogenic events. The edge influence includes both direct effects, related to changes on microenvironmental factors, as well as indirect effects, related to changes in species interactions. Additionally, some studies suggest that microenvironmental factors are altered by the cardinal orientation of the edge. The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of edge on microenvironmental factors, local soil conditions, woody vegetation structure, and species richness in a Cerrado sensu stricto at Itirapina, São Paulo State, Brazil. Specifically, we investigated whether microenvironmental factors (relative humidity (%), photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), temperature and percentage of canopy cover), soil conditions and vegetation composition differ among plots (36 plots of 25 × 2 m spaced 50 m apart) distributed on the edge and in the interior, facing east and south sides of the Cerrado. We sampled all woody trees and treelets with circumference ≥ 3 cm at 30 cm from its ground base within each plot. The microenvironmental variables relative humidity, PAR (photosynthetic active radiation), temperature and percent of canopy openness, and the soil samples (0-20 cm deep) for nutrients and texture analyses, were all collected at three points within each plot. We recorded a total of 120 woody species distributed among 40 plant families. Among the structural parameters of vegetation, only the absolute density was significantly higher in the interior south of the Cerrado. The microenvironmental factors were significantly different between the east and south sides, but did not differ between edge and interior. Therefore, based on the environmental and structural parameters we evaluated, there was no evidence of edge influence in the Cerrado studied. However, the east and south faces and associated microenvironmental factors, and the presence of some nutrients in the soil, such as Mn, affected the Cerrado vegetation structure and species composition. Our results highlight the importance of taking into account the cardinal orientation in addition to the soil nutrient and microenvironment parameters to better understand the factors influencing the vegetation at a local scale.Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de FenologiaInstituto de BotânicaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de BotânicaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de FenologiaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Departamento de Botânic

Disentangling structural patterns of natural forest fragments in a savanna matrix in the eastern Brazilian Amazon

ABSTRACT Natural fragments are an important source of richness for the management and conservation of a local flora. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fragmentation on the structure and composition of the plant communities of forest fragments (FF) in Alter do Chão, eastern Brazilian Amazonia. The study sample consisted of 25 FF and nine continuous forest (CF) sites. We compared plant density and species richness between site categories by t-tests, analyzed the differences in composition by cluster analysis, and assessed the effect of fragment size and distance to CF on the basal area and diameter of FF assemblages by linear regression. Individual trees and shrubs with DBH ≥1.27 cm were measured in 2x250 m plots. 17,078 individuals were recorded - 75.32% in FF and 24.68% in CF, comprising 475 species, 216 genera and 64 families. Myrtaceae and Fabaceae were the most abundant families in both FF and CF. Average species richness in FF and CF was statistically different. The 20 species with the highest importance values were similar in FF and CF. The average plant diameter was similar in FF and CF, suggesting that both are "mature" forests composed of thin individuals. Average diameter and total basal area showed a negative relationship with distance to CF and fragment area, respectively. Similarity analysis revealed two groups, one composed exclusively of portions of fragmented forest. Fragments and continuous forest differed in species composition, but were similar in structure. Diameter distribution in fragments was similar to that of primary forests