Antibody induction by influenza vaccines in the elderly: a review of the literature

Conflicting results have been reported concerning the association between high age and response to influenza vaccines. Some authors have found a reduced response in aged subjects, others have found no difference or even better results as compared with younger control subjects. Seventeen papers were selected from international literature published in the period 1968-1988 for a review of the anti-haemagglutinin-IgG sero-response following vaccination: among 30 cases in which vaccine components could be studied independently, ten revealed a better immune response in young subjects than in the elderly, four found more favourable results in the elderly, and 16 could not detect any significant between-group-differences, the latter most probably because of a high type-2-error. Nine of these 16 cases tended to favour young subjects. These results were relativated by the finding that each paper had at least one of three methodological limitations: (1) the failure to exclude subjects with illnesses or using drugs influencing the immune system, (2) the failure to exclude subjects with previous vaccinations against influenza, (3) the failure to exclude subjects with high prevaccination antibody titres. The direction of these biases is such that failure to address any one issue will lead to an underestimate of the response of aged subjects. In view of the failure to control these biases, it was not surprising that the papers reviewed presented a heterogeneous picture. Thus, the association between high age per se and response to influenza vaccines, if any, has not yet been established. Suggestions are made for future studies in which admission criteria should control health state and previous exposure to influenza antigens

The role of the muscarinic system in regulating estradiol secretion varies during the estrous cycle: the hemiovariectomized rat model

There is evidence that one gonad has functional predominance. The present study analyzed the acute effects of unilateral ovariectomy (ULO) and blocking the cholinergic system, by injecting atropine sulfate (ATR), on estradiol (E(2)) serum concentrations during the estrous cycle. The results indicate that ULO effects on E(2 )concentrations are asymmetric, vary during the estrous cycle, and partially depend on the cholinergic innervation. Perforation of the left peritoneum resulted in lower E(2 )serum concentrations in the three stages of the estrous cycle. At proestrus, unilateral or bilateral perforation of the peritoneum resulted in lower E(2 )serum concentrations. ULO of the right ovary (left ovary in situ) resulted in significantly higher E(2 )concentrations than animals with ULO of the left ovary (right ovary in situ). ATR treatment to ULO rats on D1 resulted in a significant drop of E(2 )serum concentrations. ULO rats treated with ATR on D2 or P, resulted in an asymmetrical E(2) secretion response; when the right ovary remained in situ an increase in E(2) was observed, and a decrease when the left ovary remained in situ. The results obtained in the present study suggest that each ovary's ability to compensate the secretion of E(2 )from the missing ovary is different and varies during the estrous cycle. The results also suggest that the cholinergic system participates in regulating ovarian E(2 )secretion. Such participation varies according to the ovary remaining in situ and the stage of the estrous cycle of the animal. The results agree with previously stated hypothesis of a neural pathway arising from the peritoneum that participates in regulating E(2 )secretion, and also supports the idea of cross-talk between the ovaries, via a neural communication, that modulates E(2 )secretion

Les roches cristallines de la Pawdinskaya Datcha et le métamorphisme : étude chimique et pétrographique

Le but de ce travail, qui a été entrepris à l'instigation de M. le Prof. L. Duparc, est de faire connaître la composition chimique du groupe des roches cristallines métamorphiques de la Pawda et d'en établir l'interprétation pétrographique, ainsi que le diagnostic microscopique. Avec ces différentes données nous nous proposons d'établir : 1° Les rapports entre les différentes roches cristallines métamorphiques de la région. 2° Les rapports entre les roches métamorphiques de la région et celles de la région limitrophe. Les matériaux servant de base à cette étude proviennent de la Pawda, sur le versant asiatique de l'Oural. Les roches ont été récoltées en 1912-14. lors de ses nombreux voyages d'étude, par M. le Prof. L. Duparc, qui les a obligeamment mises à ma disposition avec cartes, ouvrages, etc., se rapportant au sujet.</p

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