Ausschluss und Zwang in Kollektiven

Mitgliedzwang in Kollektiven wird mit dem Argument verteidigt, dass nur so der gewöhnlich unerfahrene Kunde einer beruflichen Leistung vor schadhafter Arbeit mit eventuell katastrophalen Folgen geschützt sei: die Zwangsmitgliedschaft als typischer Fall zur Aufhebung oder Abmilderung asymmetrischer Informationen. Die Gefahr ist jedoch immer immanent, dass eher berufliche Kartelle zur Absicherung eines gesichert hohen Einkommens der Mitglieder entstehen und die Gesellschaft somit wegen der Einschränkung des Wettbewerbs einen Wohlfahrtsverlust erleidet. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass es neben den Grundtypen der Zwangsmitgliedschaft noch viele andere versteckte Typen der Mitgliederexklusivität gibt, die den Kollektivmitgliedern finanzielle und statusmäßige Vorteile gewähren, die insgesamt aber zulasten der Wohlfahrt aller übrigen Gesellschaftsmitglieder gehen. Zum Abschluss wird gezeigt, dass die Ausbeutung der breiten Gesellschaft durch die Berufs- und Parteielite in den Zentralverwaltungswirtschaften ein typischer Fall der angewandten Kollektivgütertheorie ist und längst vorher hätte entdeckt werden können.It is often argued that compulsory memberships in collectives can help to protect inexperienced customers of professional service from faulty work and its consequences: Hence, compulsory memberships serve as a typical tool to reduce the harm from asymmetric information. However, there is always some danger of professional cartels to occur that safeguard secured high income among its members and thus might harm welfare by restraining competition. In this contribution we show that, besides standard types, there are several other less obvious types of compulsory memberships. Those usually benefit the collective's members but do harm the remaining members of the society. At last, we will show that the exploitation by professional and political party elites in command economies can serve as a good example of applied public good theory and should have been examined at a far earlier point in time

Ausschluss und Zwang in Kollektiven

Mitgliedzwang in Kollektiven wird mit dem Argument verteidigt, dass nur so der gewöhnlich unerfahrene Kunde einer beruflichen Leistung vor schadhafter Arbeit mit eventuell katastrophalen Folgen geschützt sei: die Zwangsmitgliedschaft als typischer Fall zur Aufhebung oder Abmilderung asymmetrischer Informationen. Die Gefahr ist jedoch immer immanent, dass eher berufliche Kartelle zur Absicherung eines gesichert hohen Einkommens der Mitglieder entstehen und die Gesellschaft somit wegen der Einschränkung des Wettbewerbs einen Wohlfahrtsverlust erleidet. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass es neben den Grundtypen der Zwangsmitgliedschaft noch viele andere versteckte Typen der Mitgliederexklusivität gibt, die den Kollektivmitgliedern finanzielle und statusmäßige Vorteile gewähren, die insgesamt aber zulasten der Wohlfahrt aller übrigen Gesellschaftsmitglieder gehen. Zum Abschluss wird gezeigt, dass die Ausbeutung der breiten Gesellschaft durch die Berufs- und Parteielite in den Zentralverwaltungswirtschaften ein typischer Fall der angewandten Kollektivgütertheorie ist und längst vorher hätte entdeckt werden können. -- It is often argued that compulsory memberships in collectives can help to protect inexperienced customers of professional service from faulty work and its consequences: Hence, compulsory memberships serve as a typical tool to reduce the harm from asymmetric information. However, there is always some danger of professional cartels to occur that safeguard secured high income among its members and thus might harm welfare by restraining competition. In this contribution we show that, besides standard types, there are several other less obvious types of compulsory memberships. Those usually benefit the collective's members but do harm the remaining members of the society. At last, we will show that the exploitation by professional and political party elites in command economies can serve as a good example of applied public good theory and should have been examined at a far earlier point in time.Zwangsmitgliedschaft in Kollektiven,Compulsory Memberships in Collectives

The Effect of Health Insurance on Savings Outcomes in Individual Development Accounts

The Effect of Health Insurance on Savings Outcomes in Individual Development Account

On Minimal Cut Sets Representation with Binary Decision Diagrams

Since their introduction in form of a canonical representation of logical functions, the Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) gained a wide acceptance in numerous industrial applications. This paper summarizes the properties of BDD representation of Minimal Cut Sets (MCS) of Fault Tree (FT) models most typically encountered in nuclear energetics. Cut sets from MCS are defined as paths from the top BDD node to terminal nodes in the BDD, on which a quantitative and qualitative FT analysis (FTA) is performed. The core of the FTA on the BDDs is performed with help of two fundamental algorithms, one for conditional probability evaluation and another for the selection of cut sets. The accuracy of conditional probability evaluation represents an essential feature for an unbiased quantitative analysis, such as the top event probability or the determination of event importance measures. The cut set selection algorithm is shown in a generic version introducing logical predicates for its selection criteria. As it is known, the efficiency of depicted algorithms depends only on the number of BDD nodes used for the FT representation. In order to appraise the compactness of the BDD representation of FT models, their characteristics have herein been evaluated on several real-life models from the Nuclear Power Plant Krško. The extraordinariness of the compactness of the BDD representation reflects in its ability to implement advanced dynamic analysis (i.e. what-if) of FT models. The efficiency of such an approach is recognized by commercial vendors upgrading their FT Tools to new versions by implementing BDD based algorithms

Etiological factors and therapeutic perspectives in distal renal tubular acidosis

Universitatea de Stat de Medicină şi Farmacie „Nicolae Testemiţanu”, Chişinău, Republica MoldovaIntroduction. Distal renal tubular acidosis (DRTA) is characterized by decreased acid excretion in the distal tubule, resulting in metabolic acidosis. Complications such as bone disease, growth failure, urolithiasis, and hypokalaemia are associated with this rare pathology. However, due to its rarity, treatment lacks standardization, leading to contradictory reported outcomes. While corticosteroids are commonly used, various other immunosuppressive drugs are suggested for treatment. Aim of study. This study aimed to investigate the etiopathogenetic factors involved in DRTA development. The objective was to determine pathogenesis peculiarities, and therapeutic strategies associated with this condition. This study aimed to understand better and possibly find new ways to prevent and treat the condition. Methods and materials. Research articles from 2018 to 2023 were gathered using keywords like "distal tubular renal acidosis" and "inheritance." Initially, 164 primary sources were identified, and 14 were selected for analysis, forming the basis of this review. Results. Triggers of DRTA include genetic factors affecting kidney acid-base regulation (mutations in ATP6V0A4, ATP6V1B1, FOXI1, SLC4A1, WDR72), autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome, lupus), medications (certain diuretics, anti-retrovirals, and antibiotics), CKD, obstructive uropathy, sickle cell disease, and primary hyperparathyroidism. Therapeutic strategies focus on individualized plans, managing acid-base imbalances, and addressing associated complications. These strategies involve alkali therapy (oral supplements like potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate), electrolyte balance maintenance (especially potassium), calcium and vitamin D supplementation for bone health, treatment of underlying conditions (autoimmune diseases, CKD), kidney stone monitoring and prevention, and dietary modifications. Conclusion. The study revealed that several factors contribute to the development of DRTA in various ways. Genetic mutations, autoimmune conditions, medications, and various pathophysiological states emerged as potential triggers. The treatments, though personalized, focus on fixing acid levels in the body and handling problems that come with the condition. Despite corticosteroid usage, treatment variability persists, warranting further exploration of alternative immunosuppressive agents for optimal efficacy. This review aims to deepen understanding of DRTA, potentially guiding the development of targeted preventive strategies and more effective therapeutic interventions. Standardized protocols are essential, necessitating continued research and clinical trials to enhance outcomes and elevate the quality of life for individuals affected by DRTA. in the distal tubule, resulting in metabolic acidosis. Complications such as bone disease, growth failure, urolithiasis, and hypokalaemia are associated with t his rare pathology. However, due to its rarity, treatment lacks standardization, leading to con tradictory reported outcomes. While corticosteroids are commonly used, various other immunosuppre ssive drugs are suggested for treatment. Aim of study. This study aimed to investigate the etiopathogenetic factors involved in DRTA development. The objective was to determine pathogenesis pecu liarities, and therapeutic strategies associated with this condition. This study aimed to understan d better and possibly find new ways to prevent and treat the condition. Methods and materials. Research articles from 2018 to 2023 were gathered using keywords like "distal tubular renal acidosis" and "inheritance." Initia lly, 164 primary sources were identified, and 14 were selected for analysis, forming the basis of this re view. Results. Triggers of DRTA include genetic factors affecting kidney a cid-base regulation (mutations in ATP6V0A4, ATP6V1B1, FOXI1, SLC4A1, WDR72), autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjögren's syndrome, lupus), medications (certain diuretics, anti-retrovirals, and antibiotics), CKD, obstructive uropathy, sickle cell disease, and primary hyper parathyroidism. Therapeutic strategies focus on individualized plans, managing acid-base imbalances, and addressing associated complications. These strategies involve alkali therapy (oral supplements like potassium citrate or sodium bicarbonate), electrolyte balance maintenance (es pecially potassium), calcium and vitamin D supplementation for bone health, treatment of underlying c onditions (autoimmune diseases, CKD), kidney stone monitoring and prevention, and dietary mo difications. Conclusion. The study revealed that several factors contribute to the de velopment of DRTA in various ways. Genetic mutations, autoimmune conditions, med ications, and various pathophysiological states emerged as potential triggers. The treatments, though personalized, focus on fixing acid levels in the body and handling problems that come with the condition. Despite corticosteroid usage, treatment variability persists, war ranting further exploration of alternative immunosuppressive agents for optimal efficacy. This review a ims to deepen understanding of DRTA, potentially guiding the development of targeted preventi ve strategies and more effective therapeutic interventions. Standardized protocols are essen tial, necessitating continued research and clinical trials to enhance outcomes and elevate the quality of life for individuals affected by DRTA

From genes to stones: exploring genetic components in calcium oxalate urolithiasis

Universitatea de Stat de Medicină şi Farmacie „Nicolae Testemiţanu”, Chişinău, Republica MoldovaIntroduction. Calcium oxalate urolithiasis, characterized by the formation of kidney stones, presents a significant health burden worldwide. While environmental and dietary factors contribute to stone formation, recent studies highlight the pivotal role of genetic components in predisposing individuals to this condition. This research aims to explore the genetic underpinnings associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis, elucidating the intricate interplay between genes and stone formation. Aim of study. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the genetic factors involved in the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. We aimed to identify specific genetic markers, pathways, and variations associated with stone formation. This exploration intends to provide a deeper understanding of the genetic landscape underlying this condition, potentially paving the way for targeted preventive strategies and therapeutic interventions. Methods and materials. This abstract drew from research articles retrieved between 2015 and 2023 using keywords like "genetics," "Calcium oxalate urolithiasis," and "inheritance." Initially, 54 primary sources were identified, and 12 were chosen for analysis, forming the basis of this review's exploration into the genetic facets of calcium oxalate urolithiasis inheritance. Results. Our investigations on urolithiasis revealed a spectrum of genetic variations within key genes involved in oxalate metabolism, calcium regulation, and renal transport mechanisms. Related to calcium oxalate urolithiasis there were identified the following genes: AGXT (involved in oxalate metabolism), SLC26A (oxalate transport in the kidney), 1CLCN5 (calcium transport), SLC34A1 (renal transport of calcium and phosphate), GRHPR (glyoxylate metabolism pathway), HOGA1 (metabolic pathway of hydroxyproline). Significantly higher frequencies of specific SNPs in these genes were observed in the urolithiasis cohort compared to the control group. Information related to mutations in these genes can help to ident ify drugs for personalized treatment. Conclusion. The findings from this study underscore the substantial role of genetic components in calcium oxalate urolithiasis etiology. Identifying genetic variations and pathways associated with stone formation provides crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms. These discoveries hold promise for the development of targeted interventions, personalized treatment strategies, and improved risk assessment tools for individuals susceptible to calcium oxalate urolithiasis. presents a significant health burden worldwide. While environmen tal and dietary factors contribute to stone formation, recent studies highlight the pivotal rol e of genetic components in predisposing individuals to this condition. This research aims to expl ore the genetic underpinnings associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis, elucidating the intri cate interplay between genes and stone formation. Aim of study. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the ge netic factors involved in the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate urolithiasis. We ai med to identify specific genetic markers, pathways, and variations associated with stone formation. This exploration intends to provide a deeper understanding of the genetic landscape underlying this cond ition, potentially paving the way for targeted preventive strategies and therapeutic int erventions. Methods and materials. This abstract drew from research articles retrieved bet ween 2015 and 2023 using keywords like "genetics," "Calcium oxalate urolithiasi s," and "inheritance." Initially, 54 primary sources were identified, and 12 were chosen for ana lysis, forming the basis of this review's exploration into the genetic facets of calcium oxalate urolithiasis inheritance. Results. Our investigations on urolithiasis revealed a spectrum of genet ic variations within key genes involved in oxalate metabolism, calcium regulation, and renal transport mechanisms. Related to calcium oxalate urolithiasis there were identifie d the following genes: AGXT (involved in oxalate metabolism), SLC26A (oxalate transport in the kidney), 1CLCN5 (calcium transport), SLC34A1 (renal transport of calcium and phosphate), GRHPR (gl yoxylate metabolism pathway), HOGA1 (metabolic pathway of hydroxyproline). Significantly highe r frequencies of specific SNPs in these genes were observed in the urolithiasis coho rt compared to the control group. Information related to mutations in these genes can help to identify drugs for personalized treatment. Conclusion. The findings from this study underscore the substantial r ole of genetic components in calcium oxalate urolithiasis etiology. Identifying genet ic variations and pathways associated with stone formation provides crucial insights into the un derlying mechanisms. These discoveries hold promise for the development of targeted interventio ns, personalized treatment strategies, and improved risk assessment tools for individuals susceptible to c alcium oxalate urolithiasis

Efficacy of Proflosin' in conservative management of ureteral stones

Introduction: Medical expulsion therapy is a first - line for treatment of small ureteral calculi. Tamsulosin is the studied drug, but data received regarding its effectiveness are controversial and its administration is discussible. We aimed to assess the effect of tamsulosin as adjuvant therapy for ureteral calculi. Material and Methods: There were 64 patients examined with primary and recurrent ureterolithiasis. The presence of ureterolithiasis was assessed by ultrasound and/or radiological examination of upper urinary tract. Patients were analyzed for age, gender, stone size (>7 mm excluded) and location (side, upper, medium and lower 1/3 of ureter, kidney stones excluded), presence of UTI, chronic concomitant diseases. The patients were randomly divided into two groups - Group 1 -4 4 patients underwent the standard therapy with addition of Proflosin (Tamsulosin 0,4 mg) Berlin-Chemie/Menarini once a day, and 20 patients (Group II) - standard therapy only. Patients were offered a closely monitored trial for spontaneous stone passage in 4-week period prior to definitive therapy. The stone expulsion rate, VAS score and number of colic attacks, time of stone elimination and possible side effects of medication were observed. Results: All patients completed the study and none was excluded due to side effects. No significant differences were found between the groups for age, gender, stone size and location. Mean patient age was 45±6,8 years. There were 26 females and 38 males. The stone-free rate was 88,6% in Group I (39/44), compared with 70,0% (14/20) in Group II. Mean of colic attacks was 2,6±0,3 in Group I compared with 7,2±0,8 in Group II (p>0,001), and VAS score was 4 and 7 in Group I and II respectively. A mean stone expulsion time of 8,2 and 14,5 days was recorded for Group I and II respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (p<0,001). Conclusions: The adjunction of tamsulosin for conservative management of ureteral calculi decrease the time of stone expulsion, number of colic attacks and amount of analgesics. The Proflosin demonstrated no clinically significant adverse effects, while proving to be a safe and effective treatment option

NARRATION ABOUT HEROISM AS A PART OF COLLECTIVE MEMORY: ORAL AND POPULAR HISTORIC SONGS ABOUT NIKOLA ZRINSKI

Ban Nikola Zrinski, nazivan u usmenim pjesmama i ban Zrinović ili ban Zrinjanin, čest je lik tradicionalne hrvatske usmene poezije, a prisutan je i u pučkoj povijesnoj pjesmi. U radu se analiziraju stilski postupci i narativni obrasci karakteristični za obradu ovoga povijesnog junaka u nekoliko tradicionalnih usmenih pjesmama različitih vrsta i versifikacijskih osobina. Primjeri usmenih pjesama o banu Zrinoviću nastajali su usporedo s književnim tekstovima obrazovanih autora već od kraja 16. stoljeća, a zabilježeni su tekstovi spjevani različitim stihovima: u dvanaestercima, dugom stihu bugaršćice, asimetričnim desetercima i osmercima namijenjenim izvedbi u novljanskom kolu. U zapisima nastalim od 19. stoljeća najzastupljenije su deseteračke pjesme. Kačićeva deseteračka pučka povijesna pjesma pod naslovom Pisma od bana Zrinovića i cara Sulemana trećega, koji obside Seget ungarski i pod njim umri na 1566. detaljno opisuje Sigetsku bitku te povezuje povijesno utemeljene činjenice i stilizacijske postupke karakteristične za deseteračku epsku poeziju. Pjesme u kojima se pojavljuje ovaj tradicionalni junak mogu obrađivati povijesne teme i motive, ali i prizore iz svakodnevnog života tradicijskih zajednica, ljubavnu tematiku i obredne situacije. Kreativna mašta pučkih pjevača oblikovala je priče o ovom omiljenom junaku koje slušateljima pomažu da ga upoznaju i u svakodnevnim situacijama o čemu svjedoče brojne zapisane balade, romance i lirske pjesme.Ban Nikola Zrinski, also known as ban Zrinović or ban Zrinjanin, is a common character in traditional Croatian oral poetry and popular historic songs. The paper analyses stylistic patterns and narrative forms typical for different types of songs about this hero from different historical periods. Oral songs about this popular hero were recorded and collected from the second part of the 16th century until the early 20th century, simultaneously with the literary texts of educated authors. Examples of recorded oral songs about Ban Zrinović were metrically composed in different types of traditional verses such as dodecasyllable verse, long bugarštica verses of mostly fifteen and sixteen syllables with a caesura after the seventh and eighth syllable, octosyllable verse and from the 19th century, the most common was decasyllable verse. The popular historic song by Andrija Kačić Miošić entitled Song About Ban Zrinović and Emperor Suleman III describes the Siege of Szigetvár and connects historically founded facts and traditional decasyllabic stylisation. Songs featuring this traditional hero can cultivate historical themes and motifs, as well as scenes from everyday life of traditional communities, love themes and ceremonial situations. Folk singers also sang numerous stories about this beloved hero presenting his everyday life in ballads, romances, and lyrical songs