Personal Liability for Loss of Business of Consumer in Electronic Transaction Using the Standard Contract

Standard contract in electronic transactions in the business-to-consumer as contractonline is offered by business actor to consumers in the form of ‘take it or leave it\u27. Almostall standard contracts in electronic transaction cannot be negotiated. These contracts arebusinesses utilized to circumvent and ignore the rights of electronic consumers. This electronictransaction has its own characteristics when compared to conventional transactions. Basedon the principle of contract freedom, then the contract can be made in any form and bindingas law for the parties. Therefore the consumer protection should be equated with consumerconducting transactions conventionally. Under the provisions of UUPK stated that businessesare prohibited from creating a standard clause in the contract that the form of the transferof responsibility. Consequently, the violation of the provisions of the standard clause thathas been set by the business is declared null and void. The principle of responsibility is alsoadopted in principle of the presumption of UUPK is to always be responsible (presumptionof liability principle) by the burden of reversed proof. For greater protection for consumersin electronic transactions, it is right in Indonesia to implement the principle of absoluteliability in providing maximum legal protection for consumers in transactions in cyberspace

The khilafet

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya Adı: Son Halife Abdülmecit Efend

Pathogenicity, Toxin Production, Control and Detection of <em>Bacillus cereus</em>

Bacillus cereus is a toxin-producing, endospore-forming, facultative bacterium ubiquitous in the environment. It has been associated with numerous foodborne illness outbreaks and is found in a variety of foods including grains, produce and processed foods. When present in high numbers, B. cereus produces toxins leading to foodborne illness. Although disease is usually self-limiting and resolves with a short time, illness can result in complications. Moreover, B. cereus is resistant to many antimicrobials which can make treatment difficult in scenarios where more extensive treatment is required. Current control methods are limited, and detection of this pathogen in food is often difficult due to its genetic similarity to Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis. Given this, more research is required to identify better process controls to reduce contamination of food with this ubiquitous organism, and develop better methods for detection

Effect of Humic Acid and Ascorbic Acid on Seed Germination and Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under Salinity Stress

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Humic Acid (HA) and Ascorbic Acid (AsA) on cucumber growth under different levels of soil salinity. The experiment was designed as a factorial, using a completely randomized design in the laboratory of Samangan University in Afghanistan. The levels of salinity stress were set at (0, 50, and 100mM sodium chloride) while AsA and HA were set at (0, 30, and 60mM and 0, 1 and 2. L-l) respectively. The results of the analysis showed that the effect of all factors were significant on all studied traits. The highest mean daily germination (19%), root length (56.22mm), shoot length (39,06mm), fresh shoot weight (183.7mg), and seed vigor index were obtained from the (0mM salinity+60mM AsA+ 2g.L-l HA) treatment. Also the most germination percentage (95%), fresh root (45.88mg) and dry root (13.76mg), observed in (50mM salinity+0mM AsA+ 2g.L-l HA) treatment. However, the combined amounts of (60mM AsA+ 2g.L-l HA) were more effective for reducing different levels of salinity and increasing the growth characteristics of cucumber. Also, 2g L-l HA and 60mM AsA alone, were more effective. Treatments without AsA and HA showed the lowest growth in most traits. These findings suggest that the application of HA and AsA can help to improve cucumber growth under salt stress conditions

PERLINDUNGAN LAHAN PERTANIAN SUBUR DALAM KERANGKA KETAHANAN PANGAN DI KABUPATEN BARITO KUALA PROVINSI KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Penelitian ini  meneliti tentang Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Subur dalam Kerangka Ketahanan Pangan di Kabupaten Barito Kuala Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Solusi tersebut diharapkan akan dapat memberikan arah pada kebijakan untuk mempertahankan ketahanan pangan dan jaminan kepastian hukum yang berkeadilan dalam pengelolaan pertanian di Kabupaten Barito Kuala, dan  pada umumnya di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: Pertama, untuk mengetahui  kebijakan pemerintah dalam mempertahankan dan memelihara lahan pertanian subur di Kabupaten Barito Kuala. Kedua, untuk mengetahui  pengaruh pengurangan lahan pertanian  subur terhadap ketahanan pangan di Kabupaten Barito Kuala.  Kata Kunci : Lahan Pertanian, Ketahanan Pangan

Antibiotic Resistance of Bacillus cereus and its Survival, Growth, and Toxin Production During Cooking and Storage of Fresh Rice Noodles

This research studied the survival, growth, and toxin production of B. cereus in fresh rice noodles (FRNs) and the antibiotic resistance of B. cereus in spacecraft assembly facilities. B. cereus, a spore-forming and foodborne pathogenic bacterium widely distributed in the environment and food sources, leads to both health concerns for consumers and spoilage challenges for food producers. In the food sector, this pathogen causes food illnesses and food spoilage because it can resist harsh conditions and survive most processing steps. In the space industry, where microbial contamination and monitoring keep crews healthy, this pathogen can resist regular cleaning programs. The FRNs study aimed to find ideal storage conditions to preserve the quality and increase the safety of FRNs. The antibiotic resistance study sought to understand the profile of antibiotic resistance in B. cereus to help the space industry monitor bacterial infections during spacecraft flight. The findings of the FRNs study showed that B. cereus survives steam cooking, grows, and produces enterotoxin during storage at 22 and 32°C. At these temperatures, a decrease in pH, a sign of spoilage in FRNs, was also observed. However, refrigeration temperature (4°C) did not promote the growth and toxin production of B. cereus during storage. A significant interaction effect of storage time and temperature was observed in growth, toxin production, and pH changes (p<0.05). The antibiotic resistance study found that B. cereus is resistant to β-lactam antibiotics, sulfa/trimeth, and rifampin. However, all B. cereus isolates showed susceptibility to gentamicin, 97% to clindamycin, and 95% to chloramphenicol, imipenem, tetracycline, and vancomycin. The findings of the FRNs study should assist food producers and retail stores to ensure the safety of their products. Similarly, the antibiotic resistance study should help the space industry to improve the treatment programs for bacterial infections during space flight

Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Dalam Transaksi E.Comerce

309 hlm. : - ; 23 cm