El aborto terapéutico en Chile. Estado actual de la discusión

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)Por diversas razones mujeres de todo el mundo se ven en la necesidad de interrumpir un embarazo que no pueden llevar a término. El aborto siempre ha sido un tema controvertido debido a las influencias religiosas, sociales y jurídicas. Para algunos, cualquier tipo de aborto es un crimen, mientras que para otros, el aborto no es un delito, sino que un derecho de la mujer, quien debe poder tomar decisiones que afecten su propio cuerpo. Estas visiones tan distintas del aborto han hecho que su regulación en los diferentes países del mundo sea muy dispar. En aquellos países en que el aborto no se encuentra absolutamente prohibido, existen principalmente dos sistemas de despenalización: el sistema de plazos, de acuerdo con el cual se permite la interrupción del embarazo siempre que ésta se realice dentro del plazo fijado legalmente; y el sistema de indicaciones, el cual permite la interrupción cuando se presente alguna de las causales establecidas. Dentro de estas causales o indicaciones, por lo general con la primera que nos encontramos es con la terapéutica, la cual da lugar al llamado aborto terapéutico

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a therapeutic dose of unfractionated heparin (200 U/kg) administered subcutaneously or intravenously to healthy dogs

Objectives: To evaluate the effects of 200 U/kg of sodium unfractionated heparin (UFH) on coagulation times in dogs after IV and SC administration and to compare these effects with plasma heparin concentrations assessed by its anti Xa activity. Methods: 200 U/kg of UFH were administered Intravenously (IV) and Subcutaneously (SC) to five healthy adult Beagle dogs with a wash out period of at least 3 days. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT), Prothrombin Time (PT) and plasma anti-factor Xa (aXa) activity were determined in serial blood samples. Results: After IV injection, PT remained unchanged except for a slight increase in one dog; APTT was not measurable (> 60 s) for 45 to 90 min, then decreased regularly and returned to baseline values between 150 and 240 min. High plasma heparin concentrations were observed (C max = 4.64±1.4 aXa U/mL) and decreased according to a slightly concave-convex pattern on a semi-logarithmic curve but returned to baseline slightly more slowly (t240 to t300 min). After SC administration, APTT was moderately prolonged (mean±SD prolongation: 1.55±0.28 x APTT t0, range [1.35-2.01]) between 1 and 4 hours after administration. Plasma anti-factor Xa activity reached a maximum of 0.56±0.20 aXa U/mL, range: [0.42 - 0.9] after 132±26.8 min and this lasted for 102±26.8 min. Heparin concentrations were grossly correlated to APTT; prolongation of APTT of 120 to 160% corresponded to plasma heparin concentrations range of 0.3-0.7 aXa U/mL, considered as the therapeutic range in human medicine. Conclusions: As in human, pharmacokinetic of UFH in dogs is non linear. Administration of 200 U/kg of UFH SC in healthy dogs results in sustained plasma heparin concentrations in accordance with human recommendations for thrombosis treatment or prevention, without excessively increased bleeding risks. In these conditions, APTT can be used as a surrogate to assess plasma heparin concentrations. This has to be confirmed in diseased animals

A new automated method for the determination of the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of human plasma, based on the crocin bleaching assay

BACKGROUND: Antioxidant molecules, which scavenge free radical species to prevent or delay oxidative damage of important macromolecules, membrane lipids and lipoproteins, are prevalent in plasma and other biological fluids. Among them, bilirubin, uric acid and protein thiols are the major endogenous antioxidants, while vitamins C and E, as well as a number of food-derived (poly)aromatic substances, belonging to stilbens, flavonoids and phenolic acids, are the main classes of nutritional antioxidants. Assays for total antioxidant capacity in plasma differ in their type of oxidation source, target and measurement used to detect the oxidized product. METHODS: In the present work we present an automated assay for the estimation of blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC assay), based on the crocin bleaching (oxidation) method. This method was adapted on a modern autoanalyzer, was linear over a wide range of values (0–3 mmol/L), and performed using an end point measurement. RESULTS: The TAC method presented a linear correlation with another automated commercial Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) test. Detection of the interference of different metabolites revealed a significant participation of TAC from uric acid, bilirubin, albumin, a minor interference from ascorbic acid, and no interference from hemoglobin. TAC was not modified by two freeze/thawing cycles, and was stable in samples stored at room temperature for 4 hours. K-EDTA and heparin were the best anticoagulants, while citrate decreased TAC by 20%. Reference values derived from samples of normal blood donors was 1.175 ± 0.007 mmol/L (mean ± SEM), while a diet rich in antioxidants more than doubled this value. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed TAC assay, is fully automated, stable and reliable, and could be of value in the estimation of the AC of plasma. It is further proposed to calculate the antioxidant capacity of plasma after a subtraction of all interference deriving from endogenous and/or exogenous metabolites. The antioxidant capacity of plasma thus calculated can be used as a useful indicator of the antioxidant value of foods and beverages in the daily diet

Total and corrected antioxidant capacity in hemodialyzed patients

BACKGROUND: Oxidative stress may play a critical role in the vascular disease of end stage renal failure and hemodialysis patients. Studies, analyzing either discrete analytes and antioxidant substances, or the integrated total antioxidant activity of human plasma during hemodialysis, give contradictory results. METHODS: Recently, we have introduced a new automated method for the determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of human plasma. We have serially measured TAC and corrected TAC (cTAC: after subtraction of the interactions due to endogenous uric acid, bilirubin and albumin) in 10 patients before the onset of the dialysis session, 10 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h and 3 h into the procedure and after completion of the session. RESULTS: Our results indicate that TAC decreases, reaching minimum levels at 2 h. However, corrected TAC increases with t(1/2 )of about 30 min. We then repeated the measurements in 65 patients undergoing dialysis with different filters (36 patients with ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resin filter -Eval-, 23 patients with two polysulfone filters -10 with F6 and 13 with PSN140-, and 6 patients with hemophan filters). Three specimens were collected (0, 30, 240 min). The results of this second group confirm our initial results, while no significant difference was observed using either filter. CONCLUSIONS: Our results are discussed under the point of view of possible mechanisms of modification of endogenous antioxidants, and the interaction of lipid- and water-soluble antioxidants

Towards long-term standardised carbon and greenhouse gas observations for monitoring Europe's terrestrial ecosystems : a review

Research infrastructures play a key role in launching a new generation of integrated long-term, geographically distributed observation programmes designed to monitor climate change, better understand its impacts on global ecosystems, and evaluate possible mitigation and adaptation strategies. The pan-European Integrated Carbon Observation System combines carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, CH4, N2O, H2O) observations within the atmosphere, terrestrial ecosystems and oceans. High-precision measurements are obtained using standardised methodologies, are centrally processed and openly available in a traceable and verifiable fashion in combination with detailed metadata. The Integrated Carbon Observation System ecosystem station network aims to sample climate and land-cover variability across Europe. In addition to GHG flux measurements, a large set of complementary data (including management practices, vegetation and soil characteristics) is collected to support the interpretation, spatial upscaling and modelling of observed ecosystem carbon and GHG dynamics. The applied sampling design was developed and formulated in protocols by the scientific community, representing a trade-off between an ideal dataset and practical feasibility. The use of open-access, high-quality and multi-level data products by different user communities is crucial for the Integrated Carbon Observation System in order to achieve its scientific potential and societal value.Peer reviewe

Un laboratoire national de référence à l'INRA pour l'analyse des minéraux dans les végétaux

National audienceL’unité de service et de recherche en analyses végétales et environnementales de l'INRA située à Bordeaux vient d’obtenir une extension de son accréditation. Les analyses réalisées par ce laboratoire concernent les éléments majeurs essentiels à la croissance des plantes (azote, phosphore, potassium,..), les oligo-éléments (fer, cuivre,..) mais aussi les éléments en traces métalliques ayant une influence directe sur l'environnement ou la santé (cadmium, plomb, mercure,..). Fort de cette accréditation, ce laboratoire national de référence dans l'analyse végétale souhaite amplifier ses relations avec les structures agricoles, industrielles et agroalimentaires au niveau national

Un laboratoire national de référence à l'INRA pour l'analyse des minéraux dans les végétaux

National audienceL’unité de service et de recherche en analyses végétales et environnementales de l'INRA située à Bordeaux vient d’obtenir une extension de son accréditation. Les analyses réalisées par ce laboratoire concernent les éléments majeurs essentiels à la croissance des plantes (azote, phosphore, potassium,..), les oligo-éléments (fer, cuivre,..) mais aussi les éléments en traces métalliques ayant une influence directe sur l'environnement ou la santé (cadmium, plomb, mercure,..). Fort de cette accréditation, ce laboratoire national de référence dans l'analyse végétale souhaite amplifier ses relations avec les structures agricoles, industrielles et agroalimentaires au niveau national