Histoire de la Chine

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Multidimensional Poverty and Child Survival in India

Background: Though the concept of multidimensional poverty has been acknowledged cutting across the disciplines (among economists, public health professionals, development thinkers, social scientists, policy makers and international organizations) and included in the development agenda, its measurement and application are still limited. Objectives and Methodology: Using unit data from the National Family and Health Survey 3, India, this paper measures poverty in multidimensional space and examine the linkages of multidimensional poverty with child survival. The multidimensional poverty is measured in the dimension of knowledge, health and wealth and the child survival is measured with respect to infant mortality and under-five mortality. Descriptive statistics, principal component analyses and the life table methods are used in the analyses. Results: The estimates of multidimensional poverty are robust and the inter-state differentials are large. While infant mortality rate and under-five mortality rate are disproportionately higher among the abject poor compared to the nonpoor, there are no significant differences in child survival among educationally, economically and health poor at the national level. State pattern in child survival among the education, economical and health poor are mixed. Conclusion: Use of multidimensional poverty measures help to identify abject poor who are unlikely to come out of poverty trap. The child survival is significantly lower among abject poor compared to moderate poor and non-poor. We urge t

Enseignants et enseignements au cœur de la transmission des savoirs

Ce recueil est consacré à la question de la transmission des savoirs abordée non pas comme un transfert individuel, de personne à personne, dans le cadre de la famille ou de l’atelier, mais comme un système formel combinant de façon plus structurée un ou des enseignements. Cette problématique a fait l’objet de très nombreuses conférences, d’une extrême diversité, présentées lors du 143e Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques tenu à Paris, en 2018. Leur point commun est principalement de s’interroger sur la transmission des savoirs par l’enseignement, son éventuelle formalisation, ses acteurs, ses méthodes et ses outils, voire ses enjeux. Le Congrès national des sociétés historiques et scientifiques rassemble chaque année universitaires, membres de sociétés savantes et jeunes chercheurs. Ce recueil est issu de travaux présentés lors du 143e Congrès sur le thème « La transmission des savoirs »

Analysis of the reaction of subcutaneous tissues in rats and the antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide paste used in association with different substances

The aim of this study was to evaluate the subcutaneous tissue response in rats and the antimicrobial activity of intracanal calcium hydroxide dressings mixed with different substances against E. faecalis. Fifty four rats were divided into three experimental groups according to the vehicle in the calcium hydroxide treatment: 0.4% chlorohexidine in propylene glycol (PG),Casearia sylvestris Sw in PG and calcium hydroxide+PG (control group). The pastes were placed into polyethylene tubes and implanted into the subcutaneous tissue. After 7, 14 and 30 days, the samples were processed and histologically evaluated (hematoxylin and eosin). The tissue surface in contact with the material was analyzed, and the quantitative analysis determined the volume density occupied by the inflammatory infiltrate (giant cells, polymorphonuclear cells and mononuclear cells), fibroblasts, collagen fibers and blood vessels. For the antimicrobial analysis, 20 dentin blocks infected with E. faecalis were treated with calcium hydroxide pastes in different vehicles; 0.4% chlorhexidine in PG, PG, extract fromCasearia sylvestris Sw in PG and a positive control (infection and without medication) for 7 days. The efficiency of the pastes was evaluated by the live/dead technique and confocal microscopy. The results showed that 0.4% chlorhexidine induced a higher inflammatory response than the other groups. The Casearia sylvestris Sw extract showed satisfactory results in relation to the intensity of the inflammatory response. In the microbiological test, there were no statistical differences between the evaluated intracanal dressings and the percentage of bacterial viability was between 33 and 42%. The control group showed an 86% viability. Antimicrobial components such as chlorhexidine or Casearia sylvestris Sw did not improve the antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis in comparison to the calcium hydroxide+PG treatment. In addition, the incorporation of chlorhexidine in the calcium hydroxide paste promoted the highest inflammatory response

Sur la combinatoire des codes à deux mots

RésuméNous montrons que si X est un code composé de deux mots x et y, alors un mot de X+, suffisamment long, admettant deux X-interpŕetations disjointes est nécessairement facteur d'un mot de x∗, ou de y∗, ou de y∗, ou d'une puissance d'un mot imprimitif appartenant à x+y ∪ xy+.AbstractWe show that, with a two-word code X = {x,y}, any long enough word of X+ admitting two disjoint X-interpretation is a factor of a word of x∗, or y∗, or a power of an imprimitive word of x+y∪xy+

Disruption of the CNTF gene results in motor neuron degeneration

CNTF is a cytosolic molecule expressed postnatally in myelinating Schwann cells and in a subpopulation of astrocytes. Although CNTF administration prevents lesion-mediated and genetically determined motor neuron degeneration, its physiological function remained elusive. Here it is reported that abolition of CNTF gene expression by homologous recombination results in a progressive atrophy and loss of motor neurons in adult mice, which is functionally reflected by a small but significant reduction in muscle strength

Major palaeoenvironmental perturbation in an Early Aptian carbonate platform: Prelude of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a?

The Early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE 1a) was characterized by intensified greenhouse climate conditions, widespread accumulation of organic deposits in open-marine settings, major perturbations in the C cycle and a generalized increase in terrestrial runoff. Sedimentological, diagenetic and chemostratigraphic analyses of Lower Aptian platform carbonates from the North Cantabrian basin (N Spain) illustrate the regional impact and effects of those global conditions on shallow marine environments. The studied interval outlines four stages of platform evolution. Stage 1 (earliest Bedoulian) is defined by an initial rapid marine transgression that led to deposition of shallow water oligotrophic photozoan skeletal assemblages, and by a later interval of subaerial exposure. Stage 2 (early Bedoulian) starts with a rapid transgression followed by deposition of grainstones that yield heterozoan assemblages, more typical of mesotrophic conditions, along with ferruginized oolites. Stage 3 (early Bedoulian) is defined by the drowning of the carbonate platform and subsequent deposition of open-marine marls, which are thought to represent the local expression of the OAE 1a. Finally, stage 4 shows the return of shallow water photozoan carbonate sedimentation. The carbonate O and C stable isotope records have revealed prominent negative excursions during deposition of the marly interval of the stage 3, which may be associated with the important global changes that occurred at the onset of the OAE 1a. The change in skeletal assemblages that preceded the isotopic excursions and the platform drowning documents conditions of environmental stress caused by a combination of local and global factors. The global change, coupled with increased basin subsidence, triggered the drowning of the platform by progressive reduction of the growth potential of the carbonate factory