Aquaculture

Correspondence between Professor John E. Bardach of the University of Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology and TAC Chair Sir John Crawford concerning the potential role of aquaculture in increasing the availability of animal protein in Asia and the Pacific, and a possible workshop on the subject sometime in the spring of 1972. Two attached documents: "A Program for Aquaculture in Southeast Asia," prepared by the Oceanic Institute for USAID, and "The Blue Revolution," on extending research underway in Hawaii to the rest of the Pacific. Agenda item presented at TAC Second Meeting, October 1971

Fish behavior and its use in the capture and culture of fishes

Fishery management, Behaviour, Food fish, Fish culture, Conferences

Barriers to Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease Guideline Recommendations.

National guidelines recommend that providers counsel all patients with sickle cell anemia about hydroxyurea (HU) therapy and screen children with sickle cell anemia annually for the risk of stroke with transcranial Doppler (TCD). We surveyed a national convenience sample of sickle cell disease clinicians to assess factors associated with low adherence. Adherence was 46% for TCD screening. Low adherence was associated with a lack of outcome expectancy (eg, a belief that there would be poor patient follow-up to TCD testing; P < .05). Adherence was 72% for HU counseling. Practice barriers (eg, lack of support staff or time) and a lack of agreement with HU recommendations were associated with low adherence (P < .05). This study demonstrates that different types of strategies are needed to improve TCD screening (to address follow-up and access to testing) versus HU counseling (to address physician agreement and practice barriers)

Towards integration of environmental and health impact assessments for wild capture fishing and farmed fish with particular reference to public health and occupational health dimensions

The paper offers a review and commentary, with particular reference to the production of fish from wild capture fisheries and aquaculture, on neglected aspects of health impact assessments which are viewed by a range of international and national health bodies and development agencies as valuable and necessary project tools. Assessments sometimes include environmental health impact assessments but rarely include specific occupational health and safety impact assessments especially integrated into a wider public health assessment. This is in contrast to the extensive application of environmental impact assessments to fishing and the comparatively large body of research now generated on the public health effects of eating fish. The value of expanding and applying the broader assessments would be considerable because in 2004 the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization reports there were 41,408,000 people in the total ‘fishing’ sector including 11,289,000 in aquaculture. The paper explores some of the complex interactions that occur with regard to fishing activities and proposes the wider adoption of health impact assessment tools in these neglected sectors through an integrated public health impact assessment tool

Hábitos y estilos de vida de una población infantil de la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina: estado nutricional y niveles de actividad

Introducción. Los hábitos nutricionales y de actividad física caracterizan el perfil de riesgo para las enfermedades cardiovasculares de tipo degenerativas y en especial las de origen isquémico. Una forma costo-efectiva de prevenir este aumento es mediante la adopción de un estilo de vida saludable. Conocer los hábitos alimentarios y de actividad física de una población permite tomar decisiones y trazar políticas de promoción de salud, y también desarrollar programas educativos dirigidos a fomentar conductas activas y saludables. Material y método. Población 152 niños (71 varones y 81 mujeres) entre 6 y 9 años de edad. Encuesta sobre hábitos y estilos de vida respondida por padres, con énfasis especial en consumo de frutas y verduras, consumo de azúcar y aceites. Variables antropométricas: peso y talla. Se calculó índice de masa corporal y se estableció el estado nutricional. Se preguntó sobre actividad física extraescolar, frecuencia y tiempo semanal dedicado a la práctica. El tratamiento estadístico determinó medias y prueba de chi cuadrado. Resultados. Peso 27.8kg±5.8, talla 125.4cm±7.2, IMC 17.5±2.4. Sobrepeso 25.9% y obesidad 9.9%. 73.8% realizan actividad física extraescolar, el 45.8% mira más de 90 minutos de TV diariamente. Conclusiones. El nivel de estudios de la madre se relacionó positivamente con los hábitos y estilos de vida saludables definidos por la OMS de los niños.Introducion: Lifestyle habits are strongly related to the incidence of non-communicable , especially cardiovasculardisease. A cost-effective way to prevent them is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. Information regarding nutritional habits and physical activity behavior of a population may help to develop educational programs to promote active and healthy behaviors. Material and methods: This study included 152 children (71 male; 81 female) between 6 and 9 years-old. Data was collected by questionnaires regarding lifestyle habits answered by the children´s parents using a special emphasis on fruit and vegetables intake, consumption of sugar and oils. The physical activity questions included information regarding extra-curricular physical activity, frequency and duration during a general week. Anthropometric measurements included weight and height. The statistical analysis included frequencies, mean and standard deviations as well as chi-square tests. Results: Mean weight of the children was 27.8 kg (± 5.8), height 125.4 cm (± 7.2) and BMI 17.5 kg/m2 (± 2.4). The prevalence of overweight was 25.9% and obesity 9.9%, respectively. A 73.8% practice physical activity at school and 45.8% were watching more than 90 minutes TV daily. Conclusion: The educational level of the mother was positively related to the habits and lifestyles of children. Key words: lifestyle; healthy habits; cardiovascular risk; prevention of diseases; health promotio

Smoke-Free Adolescents: Effectiveness of an educational intervention. Controlled, before and after study

El tabaquismo es considerado la principal causa de muerte prevenible en el mundo. La mayoría de los fumadores inician esta adicción durante edades tempranas, especialmente, durante la adolescencia. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar los determinantes de consumo adolescente y evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa en la prevalencia del tabaquismo. Métodos. Estudio antes-después controlado, realizado durante los años 2010-2012 en dos colegios secundarios de la ciudad de La Plata. En ambos, se realizó una encuesta basal seguida de dos mediciones posteriores; en uno de ellos, se implementó una intervención educativa dirigida a jóvenes de 12 y 13 años. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión múltiple para identificar las variables asociadas al tabaquismo y evaluar el impacto de la intervención. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1911 encuestas (Colegio A: 617; Colegio B: 1294). Las variables asociadas al tabaquismo adolescente fueron la tenencia de un hermano fumador (odds ratio –OR– 2,55), madre fumadora (OR 2,32), años de edad (OR 1,92) y el sexo femenino (OR 1,75). El OR ajustado por dichos determinantes para ser fumador actual en el colegio intervención versus el control fue 0,54 (intervalo de confianza –IC– del 95%: 0,35-0,83) en el primer año de seguimiento y 0,98 (IC 95%: 0,60-1,61) en el segundo año. Conclusiones. La tenencia de una madre o un hermano fumador, la edad y el sexo femenino se correlacionaron fuertemente con el consumo de cigarrillos. La intervención educativa tuvo un efecto positivo en el primer año de seguimiento, pero luego no se mantuvoFil: Gulayin, Pablo Elías. Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Cátedra de Salud Pública; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; ArgentinaFil: Irazola, Vilma. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Rubinstein, Adolfo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; ArgentinaFil: Bruno, Rodrigo. Sanatorio Belgrano de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Rossi Díaz, André. Hospital Rodolfo Rossi de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Gulayin, Miguel Alejandro. Hospital Rodolfo Rossi de La Plata; ArgentinaFil: Urrutia, María Inés. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Centro Superior para el Procesamiento de la Información; ArgentinaFil: Bardach, Ariel Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentin

Three-dimensional cephalometric evaluation of maxillary growth following in utero repair of cleft lip and alveolar-like defects in the mid-gestational sheep model

Objective: To evaluate maxillary growth following in utero repair of surgically created cleft lip and alveolar (CLA)-like defects by means of three-dimensional (3D) computer tomographic (CT) cephalometric analysis in the mid-gestational sheep model. Methods: In 12 sheep fetuses a unilateral CLA-like defect was created in utero (untreated control group: 4 fetuses). Four different bone grafts were used for the alveolar defect closure. After euthanasia, CT scans of the skulls of the fetuses, 3D re-constructions, and a 3D-CT cephalometric analysis were performed. Results: The comparisons between the operated and nonoperated skull sides as well as of the maxillary asymmetry among the experimental groups revealed no statistically significant differences of the 12 variables used. Conclusions: None of the surgical approaches used for the in utero correction of CLA-like defects seem to affect significantly postsurgical maxillary growth; however, when bone graft healing takes place, a tendency for almost normal maxillary growth can be observed. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel

Power, norms and institutional change in the European Union: the protection of the free movement of goods

How do institutions of the European Union change? Using an institutionalist approach, this article highlights the interplay between power, cognitive limits, and the normative order that underpins institutional settings and assesses their impact upon the process of institutional change. Empirical evidence from recent attempts to reinforce the protection of the free movement of goods in the EU suggests that, under conditions of uncertainty, actors with ambiguous preferences assess attempts at institutional change on the basis of the historically defined normative order which holds a given institutional structure together. Hence, path dependent and incremental change occurs even when more ambitious and functionally superior proposals are on offer