Macroecologia alimentar de herbívoros territoriais: peixes-donzela (Perciformes: Pomacentridae)

TCC(graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Centro de Ciências Biológicas. Biologia.Abordagens macroecológicas são de grande importância para entender padrões em grandes escalas que regem a diversidade, abundância e comportamento dos organismos vivos. Atualmente, muito pouco é conhecido sobre a macroecologia de peixes recifais. O presente estudo fornece a primeira análise macroecológica-alimentar dos peixes-donzela territoriais (Perciformes: Pomacentridae), um grupo circumtropical cujas atividades de forrageamento e comportamento são importantíssimas na estruturação das comunidades bentônicas em ambientes recifais tropicais e subtropicais. O fato de ser um grupo que tem recebido grande importância dos pesquisadores nas últimas décadas tornou possível a obtenção de dados referentes à alimentação de diversas espécies espalhadas pelo mundo. Uma base de dados foi compilada contendo os seguintes parâmetros relevantes para atividade alimentar dos peixes-donzela: taxa de forrageamento (expressa em mordidas/minuto), tamanho corporal médio e máximo, tamanho de território e temperatura de superfície da água (SST – Sea Surface Temperature). Análises de regressão simples, assim como análises multivariadas foram realizadas na tentativa de descobrir padrões macroecológicos para o grupo. Foi observada uma forte correlação entre taxa de forrageamento e SST dentro do gênero Stegastes. Uma correlação negativa foi observada entre a taxa de forrageamento e o tamanho corporal médio dentro dos gêneros Stegastes e Pomacentrus. Essa relação, entretanto, não se mostrou significativa para Pomacentridae. Por outro lado, foi observada uma relação negativa entre o tamanho corporal médio e SST para Pomacentridae. Curiosamente, em nenhuma das análises foi observada relação entre a taxa de forrageamento e o tamanho de território desses peixes. Na Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA), a taxa de forrageamento explicou grande parte da variabilidade dos dados. Entretanto, a análise indica uma potencial importância do tamanho do corpo em segregar os diferentes gêneros do grupo. Em geral, Stegastes tropicais são menores e possuem uma maior taxa de forrageamento em relação àqueles de locais subtropicais; Pomacentrus é composto por espécies de menor porte e também de menor taxa de forrageamento em relação a Stegastes. O presente estudo estendeu a validade da Regra de Bergmann para um importante grupo de peixes recifais, demonstrando padrões ecológicos para pomacentrídeos, reforçando a importância de análises macroecológicas.Macroecological assays are of great importance in describing the large scale patterns which govern diversity, abundance and behavior of living beings. Little is known about the macroecology of reef fishes. The present study provides the first analysis of the feeding macroecology of territorial damselfishes (Perciformes: Pomacentridae), a circumtropical family whose feeding and behavioral activities are important in structuring tropical and subtropical reef benthic communities. Ichthyologists have paid a good deal of attention to this group over the last three decades and therefore have produced substantial data related to its feeding activity. The analyses were conducted using a combined worldwide database of data collected by the authors and gleaned from the literature. It includes data for feeding rates (bites/min), mean body size (given in the study), maximum body size (described in the literature), territory size (m2) and SST (Sea Surface Temperature) of eighteen species total from six genera. Simple regression analyses and a PCA were conducted in order to find macroecological patterns for this group. A strong and positive correlation between bite rates and (SST) was observed for the genus Stegastes. A negative correlation was found between bite rates and body size (mean and maximum) for both genera Stegastes and Pomacentrus. A negative correlation between body size and SST was observed within Stegastes and Pomacentridae. Surprisingly, no relationship was found between body size and feeding rates. In the PCA, feeding rates explained most data variation. However, it potentially indicates the importance of body size in characterizing the different genera. In general, tropical Stegastes are smaller and have higher bite rates than subtropical ones; Pomacentrus spp. are smaller and display lower feeding rates in relation to Stegastes. This study extended the validity of Bergmann’s rule for an important group of reef fishes and showed that some patterns in the ecology of pomacentrid fishes can be observed on a global scale, highlighting the importance of macroecological analyses

Aportes sobre Atajacaminos (Caprimulgidae) en la provincia de Salta, Argentina

La publicación de numerosos artículos y trabajos relacionados a caprimúlgidos que mencionan novedades acerca de su nidifcación (Krauczuk 2000, 2013, Pautasso & Cazenave 2002, Bodrati & Baigorria 2013, Salvador & Bodrati 2013, Salvador et al. 2014, Schaaf et al. 2015), alimentación (Bodrati & Cockle 2012, Bodrati & Salvador 2015), depredación (Fariña et al. 2014), hábitos (Mazar Barnett et al. 1998, Bodrati & Cockle 2012, Salvador & Bodrati 2013), nuevas localidades (Jaramillo 2000, Imberti 2001, Bodrati 2004, Bodrati & Klavins 2004, Marateo et al. 2009, Bodrati & Cockle 2012, Krauczuk 2013) e incluso especies nuevas para el país (Krauczuk 2000, Bodrati & Areta 2010), demuestra que aun falta mucho por conocer sobre este grupo en la Argentina. Aportamos información obtenida durante noviembre de 2011 sobre nuevas localidades, nidificación y dieta de tres especies de caprimúlgidos en la provincia de Salta, Argentina.Fil: Pagano, Luis G.. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Departamento Científico Zoología Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Barneche, Jorge Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - la Plata. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores. Universidad Nacional de la Plata. Facultad de Cs.naturales y Museo. Centro de Estudios Parasitologicos y de Vectores; ArgentinaFil: Jensen, Roberto Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentin

Melhoramento genético: a nova arma no controle de doenças.

bitstream/item/117255/1/cnpc-2000-Melhoramento.pd

How local faith communities can aid asylum seekers

Local faith communities are able to offer assistance to asylum seekers in ways that faith-based organisations, constrained by eligibility criteria, are not

The energetics of fish growth and how it constrains food-web trophic structure

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.All data and R code (data manipulation, analyses, figures and tables) can be downloaded from a GitHub repository (https://github.com/dbarneche/FishGrowth), which will be made publicly available upon publication.The allocation of metabolic energy to growth fundamentally influences all levels of biological organisation. Here we use a first‐principles theoretical model to characterise the energetics of fish growth at distinct ontogenetic stages and in distinct thermal regimes. Empirically, we show that the mass scaling of growth rates follows that of metabolic rate, and is somewhat steeper at earlier ontogenetic stages. We also demonstrate that the cost of growth, Em, varies substantially among fishes, and that it may increase with temperature, trophic level and level of activity. Theoretically, we show that Em is a primary determinant of the efficiency of energy transfer across trophic levels, and that energy is transferred more efficiently between trophic levels if the prey are young and sedentary. Overall, our study demonstrates the importance of characterising the energetics of individual growth in order to understand constraints on the structure of food webs and ecosystems.Macquarie UniversityCentre for Geometric Biology at Monash Universit

BAAD: a Biomass And Allometry Database for woody plants

Understanding how plants are constructed—i.e., how key size dimensions and the amount of mass invested in different tissues varies among individuals—is essential for modeling plant growth, carbon stocks, and energy fluxes in the terrestrial biosphere. Allocation patterns can differ through ontogeny, but also among coexisting species and among species adapted to different environments. While a variety of models dealing with biomass allocation exist, we lack a synthetic understanding of the underlying processes. This is partly due to the lack of suitable data sets for validating and parameterizing models. To that end, we present the Biomass And Allometry Database (BAAD) for woody plants. The BAAD contains 259 634 measurements collected in 176 different studies, from 21 084 individuals across 678 species. Most of these data come from existing publications. However, raw data were rarely made public at the time of publication. Thus, the BAAD contains data from different studies, transformed into standard units and variable names. The transformations were achieved using a common workflow for all raw data files. Other features that distinguish the BAAD are: (i) measurements were for individual plants rather than stand averages; (ii) individuals spanning a range of sizes were measured; (iii) plants from 0.01–100 m in height were included; and (iv) biomass was estimated directly, i.e., not indirectly via allometric equations (except in very large trees where biomass was estimated from detailed sub‐sampling). We included both wild and artificially grown plants. The data set contains the following size metrics: total leaf area; area of stem cross‐section including sapwood, heartwood, and bark; height of plant and crown base, crown area, and surface area; and the dry mass of leaf, stem, branches, sapwood, heartwood, bark, coarse roots, and fine root tissues. We also report other properties of individuals (age, leaf size, leaf mass per area, wood density, nitrogen content of leaves and wood), as well as information about the growing environment (location, light, experimental treatment, vegetation type) where available. It is our hope that making these data available will improve our ability to understand plant growth, ecosystem dynamics, and carbon cycling in the world\u27s vegetation

Descripción de dos nuevas especies de Plesiopelma (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae) de Argentina

Two new species of Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901 from northern Argentina are described and diagnosed based on males and habitat descriptions are presented. Males of Plesiopelma paganoi sp. nov. differ from most of species by the absence of spiniform setae on the retrolateral face of cymbium, aspect of the palpal bulb. Plesiopelma aspidosperma sp. nov. differs from most species of the genus by the presence of spiniform setae on the retrolateral face of cymbium and it can be distinguished from P. myodes Pocock, 1901, P. longisternale (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942) and P. rectimanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) by the separated palpal bulb keels and basal nodule of metatarsus I very developed. It differs from P. minense (Mello-Leitão, 1943) by the shape of the palpal bulb and basal nodule on metatarsus I well developed. Specimens were captured in Salta province, Argentina, inhabiting high cloud forests of Yungas eco-region.Dos nuevas especies de Plesiopelma Pocock, 1901 del norte de Argentina son diferenciadas y se describen en base a ejemplares machos y se presentan descripciones de los ambientes. Machos de Plesiopelma paganoi sp. nov. difieren de la mayoría de las especies por la ausencia de setas espiniformes en la cara retrolateral del cymbium, por la forma del órgano palpar. Plesiopelma aspidosperma sp. nov. difiere del resto de las especies por la presencia de setas espiniformes en la cara retrolateral del cymbium y se distingue de P. myodes Pocock, 1901, P. longisternale (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942) y P. rectimanum (Mello-Leitão, 1923) por las quillas del bulbo separadas y el nódulo basal del metatarso I muy desarrollado. Se diferencia de P. minense (Mello-Leitão, 1943) por la forma del órgano palpar y el nódulo basal del metatarso I desarrollado. Los especímenes se capturaron en la provincia de Salta, Argentina, habitando nuboselvas de altura en la eco-región de Yungas.Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectore

Global environmental drivers of marine fish egg size

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.All data, R packages, and code (data manipulation, analyses, figures andtables) can be downloaded from our GitHub repositories (www.github.com/dbarneche/noaaErddap; www.github.com/dbarneche/envPred;https://github.com/dbarneche/fishEggSize)Aim To test long‐standing theory on the role of environmental conditions (both mean and predictability) in shaping global patterns in the egg sizes of marine fishes. Location Global (50° S to 50° N). Time period 1880 to 2015. Major taxa studied Marine fish. Methods We compiled the largest geo‐located dataset of marine fish egg size (diameter) to date (n = 1,078 observations; 192 studies; 288 species; 242 localities). We decomposed sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll‐a time series into mean and predictability (seasonality and colour of environmental noise – i.e. how predictable the environment is between consecutive time steps), and used these as predictors of egg size in a Bayesian phylogenetic hierarchical model. We test four specific hypotheses based on the classic discussion by Rass (1941), as well as contemporary life‐history theory, and the conceptual model of Winemiller and Rose (1992). Results Both environmental mean and predictability correlated with egg size. Our parsimonious model indicated that egg size decreases by c. 2.0‐fold moving from 1 to 30 °C. Environments that were more seasonal with respect to temperature were associated with larger eggs. Increasing mean chlorophyll‐a, from 0.1 to 1 mg/m3, was associated with a c. 1.3‐fold decrease in egg size. Lower chlorophyll‐a seasonality and reddened noise were also associated with larger egg sizes – aseasonal but more temporally autocorrelated resource regimes favoured larger eggs. Main conclusions Our findings support results from Rass (1941) and some predictions from Winemiller and Rose (1992). The effects of environmental means and predictability on marine fish egg size are largely consistent with those observed in marine invertebrates with feeding larvae, suggesting that there are important commonalities in how ectotherm egg size responds to environmental change. Our results further suggest that anthropogenically mediated changes in the environment will have profound effects on the distribution of marine life histories.Centre for Geometric Biolog

WPŁYW WYCIĄGÓW Z ROŚLIN BODZISZKOWATYCH NA BIELINKA KAPUSTNIKA

The conducted studies comprised the analyses of activity of extracts derived from selected plants of the Geranium family on some processes of large white butterfly (Pieris brassicae) development (oviposition, survival of eggs and caterpillar feeding). The results proved that all tested extracts showed activity against large white butterfly. Geranium pratense L. and Geranium senquineum L. showed better activity than other Geranium plants. Water extracts from these species protected cabbage plants against laying eggs, while applied on eggs caused their mortality. Alcohol and water extracts from G. pratense L. and water extracts from G. senquineum L. increased an amount of food put on mass gain of caterpillars.Analizowano oddziaływanie ekstraktów uzyskanych z wybranych roślin z rodziny Bodziszkowate na: rozwój bielinka kapustnika (przebieg składania jaj, przeżywalność jaj oraz na żerowanie gąsienic). Stwierdzono, że wszystkie testowane wyciągi, wykazywały aktywne działanie w stosunku do bielinka kapustnika. Szczególnie wyróżniały się bodziszek łąkowy i bodziszek czerwony. Wodne wyciągi z tych roślin chroniły rośliny kapusty przed składaniem na nie jaj przez samice, a zastosowane na jaja, powodowały ich zamieranie. Alkoholowy i wodny wyciąg z bodziszka łąkowego oraz wyciąg wodny z bodziszka czerwonego wpływały na zwiększenie ilości pokarmu zużywanego na przyrost masy ciała gąsienic

Temperature effects on mass-scaling exponents in colonial animals: a manipulative test

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Wiley via the DOI in this record.All data and code necessary to reproduce this paper, its analyses, tables and figures can be obtained on GitHub https://github.com/dbarneche/MTRBrEs (Barneche et al. 2016a, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.159736)Body size and temperature are fundamental drivers of ecological processes because they determine metabolic rates at the individual level. Whether these drivers act independently on individual‐level metabolic rates remains uncertain. Most studies of intraspecific scaling of unitary organisms must rely on preexisting differences in size to examine its relationship with metabolic rate, thereby potentially confounding size‐correlated traits (e.g., age, nutrition) with size, which can affect metabolic rate. Here, we use a size manipulation approach to test whether metabolic mass scaling and temperature dependence interact in four species (two phyla) of colonial marine invertebrates. Size manipulation in colonial organisms allows tests of how ecological processes (e.g., predation) affect individual physiology and consequently population‐ and community‐level energy flux. Body mass and temperature interacted in two species, with one species exhibiting decreased and the other increased mass‐scaling exponents with increasing temperature. The allometric scaling of metabolic rate that we observe in three species contrasts with the isometric scaling of ingestion rates observed in some colonial marine invertebrates. Thus, we suggest that the often observed competitive superiority of colonial over unitary organisms may arise because the difference between energy intake and expenditure increases more strongly with size in colonial organisms.Australian Research Counci