Hebrón, la otra Jerusalén

Hoy, el conflicto palestino-israelí, simbolizado por la convulsa y dramática singularidad de la milenaria ciudad de Hebrón, se vuelve a situar en el centro de atención de las Relaciones Internacionales y los Estados Unidos de Barak Obama. Son muchos, sin embargo, los obstáculos hacia la paz. Uno de los más serios y potenciales impedimentos sigue siendo el ímpetu sionista de maximalismo territorial del fundamentalismo judío israelí centrado en Cisjordania (Judea y Samaria para los sionistas) y punta de lanza de la colonización. Hebrón y Jerusalén, dos ciudades indisolublemente unidas a lo largo de la historia y al conflicto palestino-israelí (y por ello, a su eventual resolución), son los principales objetivos de la colonización política y religiosa. Centrándose en los lugares arquitectónicos más simbólicos e históricos de la ciudad por un lado; y en el problema del fundamentalismo hebreo y la colonización, por otro, el artículo intentará trazar sucintamente las líneas generales de la historia de Hebrón, por ser una ciudad milenaria clave con una historia sagrada similar para judíos, cristianos y musulmanes y por constituir el máximo ejemplo o exponente del conflicto palestino-israelí, ya que además de sufrir las heridas propias del resto de ciudades bajo ocupación y la controversia referente a los lugares venerados, se trata de la única ciudad palestina con colonias judías y checkpoints militares en el mismo casco antiguoToday, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, symbolized by the turbulent and dramatic singularity of the ancient city of Hebron, is put back in the spotlight of international relations and the Barak Obama administration in the United States. However, there are many obstacles to peace. One of the most serious impediments and potential momentum remains the territorial maximalist Zionist Jewish fundamentalism in Israel focused West Bank (Judea and Samaria for the Zionists) and the spearhead of the settlement. Hebron and Jerusalem, two cities inextricably linked throughout history and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict (and therefore to its eventual resolution) are the main goals of political and religious colonization. Focusing on the symbolic architectural sites and historical town on one side and the problem of Jewish fundamentalism and colonization, on the other, the article will try to briefly trace the outline of the history of Hebron, as a key millennium city with a history similar sacred to Jews, Christians and Muslims and for being the ultimate example or exponent of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, as well as suffer the wounds themselves from other cities under occupation and the controversy regarding places revered, it is the only Palestinian city with Jewish settlements and military checkpoints in the same old tow

Hydroxylated phosphines as ligands for chalcogenide clusters: self assembly, transformations and stabilization

This contribution is a documentation of recent advances in the chemistry of chalcogenide polynuclear transition metal complexes coordinated with mono- and di-phosphines functionalized with hydroxo groups. A survey of complexes containing tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (THP) is presented. The influence of the alkyl chain in bidentate phosphines, bearing the P–(CH2)x–OH arms, is also analyzed. Finally, isolation and structure elucidation of the complexes with HP(OH)2, P(OH)3, As(OH)3, PhP(OH)2, stabilized by coordination to Ni(0) and Pd(0) centers embedded into chalcogenide clusters, is discussed

Combined kinetic and DFT studies on the stabilization of the pyramidal form of H3PO2 at the heterometal site of [Mo3M’S4(H2O)10]4+ clusters (M’= Pd, Ni)

Kinetic and DFT studies have been carried out on the reaction of the [Mo3M’S4(H2O)10]4+ clusters (M’= Pd, Ni) with H3PO2 to form the [Mo3M’(pyr-H3PO2)S4(H2O)9]4+ complexes, in which the rare pyramidal form of H3PO2 is stabilized by coordination to the M’ site of the clusters. The reaction proceeds with biphasic kinetics, both steps showing a first order dependence with respect to H3PO2. These results are interpreted in terms of a mechanism that involves an initial substitution step in which one tetrahedral H3PO2 molecule coordinates to M’ through the oxygen atom of the P=O bond, followed by a second step that consists in tautomerization of coordinated H3PO2 assisted by a second H3PO2 molecule. DFT studies have been carried out to obtain information on the details of both kinetic steps, the major finding being that the role of the additional H3PO2 molecule in the second step consists in catalysing a hydrogen shift from phosphorus to oxygen in O-coordinated H3PO2, which is made possible by its capability of accepting a proton from P-H to form H4PO2 + and then transfer it to the oxygen. DFT studies have been also carried out on the reaction at the Mo centres to understand the reasons that make these metal centres ineffective for promoting tautomerizatio

Hydrogen-ion driven molecular motions in Cu2+-complexes of a ditopic phenanthrolinophane ligand

One of the first kinetic evaluations of a metal ion interchange between the two coordination sites of a ditopic macrocycle is presented.Garcia-España Monsonis, Enrique, [email protected] ; Soriano Soto, Concepción, [email protected] ; Verdejo Viu, Begoña, [email protected]

Macrovertebrate Zooarchaeology of the Phoenician site of Teatro Cómico (Cádiz)

En este trabajo presentamos el estudio zooarqueológico de los macromamíferos del yacimiento de época fenicia del Teatro Cómico. Los ovicápridos son la cabaña ganadera más importante seguidos del vacuno y el porcino según el periodo de ocupación. A continuación están representados el caballo y el perro, aunque con porcentajes pequeños. En cuanto a la fauna silvestre su representación es baja, destacando entre ellos el ciervo. Los datos taxonómicos, esqueléticos, y los patrones de mortandad, unidos al registro arqueológico, nos permiten concluir que las especies domésticas tuvieron una funcionalidad orientada a distintos usos económicos como la producción de leche y lana, lo cual es acorde a lo observado en otros yacimientos de este momento.This paper presents the zooarchaeological study of the macromammals recovered at the Phoenician site called Teatro Cómico. Ovicaprids constitute the main herding followed by cattle and porcine, depending on the occupation period. Other species, with a reduced representation, are horse and dog. Regarding wild fauna, a low presence was recorded, deer being the most significant species. Taxonomic and skeletal and death-patterns data, supplemented by the archaeological record, lead to the conclusion that the rearing of domestic species was oriented towards diverse economic uses such as milk and wool production, in line with contemporaneous records in other sites

Acid-Triggered O−O Bond Heterolysis of a Nonheme FeIII (OOH) Species for the Stereospecific Hydroxylation of Strong C−H Bonds

A novel hydroperoxoiron(III) species [FeIII(OOH)(MeCN)(PyNMe3)]2+ (3) has been generated by reaction of its ferrous precursor [FeII(CF3SO3)2(PyNMe3)] (1) with hydrogen peroxide at low temperatures. This species has been characterized by several spectroscopic techniques and cryospray mass spectrometry. Similar to most of the previously described low‐spin hydroperoxoiron(III) compounds, 3 behaves as a sluggish oxidant and it is not kinetically competent for breaking weak C−H bonds. However, triflic acid addition to 3 causes its transformation into a much more reactive compound towards organic substrates that is capable of oxidizing unactivated C−H bonds with high stereospecificity. Stopped‐flow kinetic analyses and theoretical studies provide a rationale for the observed chemistry, a triflic‐acid‐assisted heterolytic cleavage of the O−O bond to form a putative strongly oxidizing oxoiron(V) species. This mechanism is reminiscent to that observed in heme systems, where protonation of the hydroperoxo intermediate leads to the formation of the high‐valent [(Porph.)FeIV(O)] (Compound I)

The role of hydroxo-bridged dinuclear species and the influence of “innocent” buffers in the reactivity of cis-[CoIII(cyclen)(H2O)2]3+ and [CoIII(tren)(H2O)2]3+ complexes with biologically relevant ligands at physiological pH

In view of the relevance of the reactivity of inert tetraamine CoIII complexes having two substitutionally active cis positions capable of interact with biologically relevant ligands, the study of the reaction of cis-[Co(cyclen)(H2O)2]3+ and [Co(tren)(H2O)2]3+ with chlorides, inorganic phosphate and 5’-CMP (5’-cytidinemonophosphate) has been pursued at physiological pH. The results indicate that, in addition to the actuation of the expected labilising conjugate-base mechanism, the formation of mono and inert bis hydroxo-bridged species is relevant for understanding their speciation and reactivity. The reactivity pattern observed also indicates the key role played by the “innocent” buffers frequently used in most in vitro studies, which can make the results unreliable in many cases. The differences between the reactivity of inorganic and biologically relevant phosphates has also been found to be remarkable, with outer-sphere hydrogen bonding interactions being a dominant factor for the process. While for the inorganic phosphate substitution process the formation of μ–η2-OPO2O represents the termination of the reactivity monitored, for 5’-CMP only the formation of η1-OPO3 species is observed, which evolve with time to the final dead-end bis hydroxo-bridged complexes. The promoted hydrolysis of the 5’-CMP phosphate has not been observed in any of the processes studied

O genocídio de gaza como expressão máxima do neo-sionismo na Palestina

In October 2023, the Israeli army began a campaign of genocide in the context of seventeen years of blockade and effective occupation of the Gaza Strip, converted into a huge human overcrowding camp and subject to frequent bombings since 2007. The Hamas attack on October 7 became a casus belli for the Israeli government and its occupation army, but the enormous violence exerted on Gaza, and its entire population, must be studied in the context of the action of a nationalist and religious fundamentalist ideology, called neo-Zionism. We consider the genocidal war on Gaza as the last practical consequence of this ideology. This radical drift of Zionism taken to its extreme largely explains the daily massacres in Gaza, as well as the escalation of violence by the settler movement and the occupying army in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. Thus, our objective is to analyze violence in Palestine in its proper context, especially the ideological context from which it derives.En octubre de 2023, el ejército israelí inició una campaña de genocidio en el contexto de diecisiete años de bloqueo y ocupación efectiva de la franja de gaza, convertida en un enorme campo de hacinamiento humano y objeto de bombardeos frecuentes desde 2007. El ataque de Hamas el 7 de octubre se convirtió en un casus belli para el gobierno israelí y su ejército de ocupación, pero la descomunal violencia ejercida sobre Gaza y sobre toda su población debe estudiarse en el contexto de acción de una ideología fundamentalista nacionalista y religiosa, denominada neosionismo. Consideramos la guerra genocida sobre Gaza como última consecuencia práctica de dicha ideología. Esta deriva radical del sionismo llevada a su extremo explica en buena medida las masacres cotidianas en Gaza, así como el recrudecimiento de la violencia del movimiento colono y del ejército ocupante en Jerusalén Este y en Cisjordania. Así, nuestro objetivo es analizar la violencia en Palestina en su debido contexto, en especial el contexto ideológico del que deriva.Em Outubro de 2023, o exército israelita iniciou uma campanha de genocídio no contexto de dezassete anos de bloqueio e ocupação efectiva da Faixa de Gaza, convertida num enorme campo de superlotação humana e sujeita a bombardeamentos frequentes desde 2007. O ataque do Hamas em 7 de Outubro tornou-se um casus belli para o governo israelita e o seu exército de ocupação, mas a enorme violência exercida sobre Gaza e toda a sua população deve ser estudada no contexto da acção de uma ideologia nacionalista e fundamentalista religiosa, chamada neo-sionismo. Consideramos a guerra genocida em Gaza como a última consequência prática desta ideologia. Esta tendência radical do sionismo levada ao extremo explica em grande parte os massacres diários em Gaza, bem como a escalada de violência por parte do movimento de colonos e do exército ocupante em Jerusalém Oriental e na Cisjordânia. Assim, nosso objetivo é analisar a violência na Palestina em seu contexto próprio, especialmente o contexto ideológico do qual ela deriva

Diseño de una maleta portàtil para realizar demostraciones de procesos de digitalización mediante node-red

El presente proyecto contextualiza las principales tecnologías de la era de la digitalización o Industria 4.0, también conocida como cuarta revolución industrial. En primer lugar, se describe brevemente las principales arquitecturas, estándares, características y componentes de la Industria 4.0, y las distintas disciplinas de la ingeniería que desempeñan un papel fundamental para su evolución. El objetivo de este proyecto es el diseño, montaje y puesta en marcha de una maleta portátil para realizar demostraciones de procesos de digitalización mediante Node-RED. Con el objetivo de poder presentar y explicar a clientes y expertos del sector los equipos del fabricante Weidmüller concebidos para este tipo de aplicaciones de Industria 4.0. Para ello se han utilizado equipos de control específicos de IOT y comunicaciones, dotando a la maleta de todos los equipos necesarios para ser autónoma y poder realizar todo el proceso completo que equivaldría en la industria. Y con el fin de poder presentar y conocer el potencial de los diferentes equipos se ha desarrollado una serie de aplicaciones típicas de digitalización a nivel industrial. Donde se explica cómo se han resuelto y los beneficios que aporta cada una de ellas. Cabe destacar que se realizan también con el fin de poder dar ejemplos y facilidades para cumplir con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) aprobados por la ONU enfocados en la Industria.This project contextualizes the main technologies of the digitalization era or Industry 4.0, also known as the fourth industrial revolution. First, it briefly describes the main architectures, standards, characteristics and components of Industry 4.0, and the different engineering disciplines that play a fundamental role in its evolution. The objective of this project is the design, assembly and commissioning of a portable suitcase to carry out demonstrations of digitization processes using Node-RED. With the aim of being able to present and explain to customers and industry experts the equipment from the manufacturer Weidmüller designed for this type of Industry 4.0 applications. For this, specific IOT and communications control equipment has been used, providing the suitcase with all the necessary equipment to be autonomous and to be able to carry out the entire process that would be equivalent in the industry. To be able to present and discover the potential of the different equipment, a series of typical digitalization applications have been developed at an industrial level. Where it is explained how it has been resolved and the benefits that each of them brings. It should be noted that they are also carried out in order to be able to give examples and facilities to comply with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) approved by the UN focused on the Industry