Geometric accuracy analysis of worlddem in relation to AW3D30, srtm and aster GDEM2

In a project area close to Istanbul the quality of WorldDEM, AW3D30, SRTM DSM and ASTER GDEM2 have been analyzed in relation to a reference aerial LiDAR DEM and to each other. The random and the systematic height errors have been separated. The absolute offset for all height models in X, Y and Z is within the expectation. The shifts have been respected in advance for a satisfying estimation of the random error component. All height models are influenced by some tilts, different in size. In addition systematic deformations can be seen not influencing the standard deviation too much. The delivery of WorldDEM includes information about the height error map which is based on the interferometric phase errors, and the number and location of coverage's from different orbits. A dependency of the height accuracy from the height error map information and the number of coverage's can be seen, but it is smaller as expected. WorldDEM is more accurate as the other investigated height models and with 10m point spacing it includes more morphologic details, visible at contour lines. The morphologic details are close to the details based on the LiDAR digital surface model (DSM). As usual a dependency of the accuracy from the terrain slope can be seen. In forest areas the canopy definition of InSAR X- and C-band height models as well as for the height models based on optical satellite images is not the same as the height definition by LiDAR. In addition the interferometric phase uncertainty over forest areas is larger. Both effects lead to lower height accuracy in forest areas, also visible in the height error map

Sortase-mediated labelling of lipid nanodiscs for cellular tracing

Lipid nanodiscs have broad applications in membrane protein assays, biotechnology and materials science. Chemical modification of the nanodiscs to expand their functional attributes is generally desirable for all of these uses. We present a method for site-selective labelling of the N-terminus of the nanodisc’s membrane scaffold protein (MSP) using the Sortase A protein. Labelling of the MSP was achieved when assembled within the lipid nanodisc architecture, demonstrating that this method can be used as a retrofit approach to modification of preformed nanodiscs before or during application. We label the MSP with a fluorescent fluorescein moiety and use them to image nanodisc uptake into HeLa cells. The Sortase A labelling method could be employed as a general approach to labelling nanodiscs with application-specific functionalities

USING SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS IN X-RAY IMAGE

X-ışını görüntülemede çeşitli dedektörler kullanılmaktadır. Bunlar sintilasyon ve yarı iletken dedektörler olarak sınıflandırılabilir. Bu çalışmada özellikle anjiografide halen kullanılan CsI tipi sintilasyon dedektörlerle, CdTe tipi yarıiletken dedektörler karşılaştırılmıştır. Öncelikle bu dedektörler bilgisayarda simüle edilmiş ve xışını simülasyon programıyla incelenmiş ve anjiografide kullanılan iki farklı tüp uygulama tekniği ile deneyler yapılmıştır. Bu teknikte tüpe önce alçak voltaj (60 kVp) uygulanmakta ve bu anda tüpün önünde karakteristik filtre olarak sadece bakır levha bulunmaktadır. Daha sonra tüpe daha yüksek gerilim uygulanması (120 kVp) esnasında tüp önüne filtre olarak ise bakır + alüminyum levhalar konulmuştur. Buradan alınan farklı spektrumlar değerlendirilerek görüntü oluşturulmaktadır. Bu deneyler tüpe uygulanan voltajların değişik değerleri için ve tüpün önüne konulan karakteristik filtrelerin çeşitli değerleri için bir çok kez tekrarlanmıştır. Bütün bu deneylerin sonucu halen kullanılmakta olan CsI dedektörlerine göre, CdTe tipi yarı iletken dedektörlerde sinyal gürültü oranı (SNR) yaklaşık 10 kat daha büyük çıkmaktadır. Bu sonuçlara bakılarak gelecekte x-ışını görüntülemede özellikle düşük enerjilerde CdTe tipi dedektörlerin yaygın kullanılacağı söylenebilir. Different detectors are being used in X-ray imaging. They can be classified as scintillation and semiconductor detectors. In this study CsI and CdTe type detectors, which are especially used today in angiography, have been compared. First, these detectors have been simulated in computer and experiments have been carried out by applying two different tube techniques, which are usually used in angiography with an X-ray simulation program. In this technique, firstly, low voltage (60 kVp) is applied to the tube with a copper sheet in front of it that serves as an inherent filter. Then, higher voltage (120kVp) is applied to the tube with a copper and aluminum sheets in front of the tube for the same purpose. Image is composed by evaluating different spectrums obtained. These experiments have been repeated for different values of applied voltages and different type ad thickness of inherent sheets. As a result of these experiments, it was found that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the CdTe type detector is found to be approximately ten times greater than the CsI type detectors that are used presently. From this profile, especially at X-rays monitoring field in the future, CdTe type detectors could be used extensively at low energies

Electron‐ and nuclear‐spin relaxation in an integer spin system, tris‐(acetylacetonato)Mn(iii) in solution

Expressions are derived for the intermolecular contribution to the nuclear‐spin relaxation rate in solutions containing dissolved paramagnetic ions with spin S≥1. The calculation assumes that the electron‐spin Hamiltonian is dominated by a large axial zero‐field splitting, and it accounts for effects of Zeeman interactions to first order. The expressions are used to analyze proton‐spin relaxation of the acetone solvent in solutions of tris‐(acetylacetonato)Mn(iii)/ acetone. The main objective was to measure electron‐spin relaxation times of Mn(iii), which in this complex is a high‐spin, d4 ion with integer spin S=2. Spin‐lattice relaxation measurements were conducted over a range of magnetic field strengths (0.28–1.1 T) where the zero‐field splitting is large compared to the Zeeman energy. Electron‐spin relaxation times of Mn(iii) were found to be 8±2 ps, with little dependence on temperature over the range 215–303 K and on magnetic field strength up to 1.1 T. Use of the assumption that Zeeman splittings dominate zero‐field splittings (Solomon–Bloembergen–Morgan theory) resulted in computed electron‐spin relaxation times that are too short by a factor of 3–4.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71073/2/JCPSA6-92-10-5892-1.pd

Analysis of height models based on Kompsat-3 images

Height models are basic information required for disaster Management. Not in any case satisfying and actual height models are available, but they can be generated by satellite stereo pairs being more precise as InSAR. The Korean Kompsat-3 has a ground sampling distance of 0.71m. A stereo combination covering the main part of Istanbul has been used for the generation of height models. Kompsat-3 images are available as L1R images, corresponding close to the original image geometry, and as L1G, being projected to the SRTM 3 arcsec height model. For use of Semi Global Matching quasi epipolar images are required. They can be produced by just rotating the L1G-images to the stereo base, while with L1R-images requires at first a projection to a constant height level. The projection of L1G to the SRTM height models leads to height differences against the SRTM heights. The orientation of the L1R images with 71 ground control points (GCP) was possible in X and Y with 0.6 GSD and in Z with 1.1 GSD, while with L1G images only 1.2 GSD respectively 2.9 GSD have been reached. A standard deviation of 0.6 GSD for X and Y and 1.1 GSD for Z is satisfying and a usual accuracy for satellite images. A comparison of the generated height model based on the L1G-images with airborne LiDAR data (ALS) showed clear local systematic height errors of the height model based on L1G-images which could not be seen with L1R-images. The area based least squares matching leads to good results in open areas while in build up areas no accurate building determination is possible. Here SGM has a clear advantage with accurate roof structures corresponding to the 0.71m GSD. For the relative accuracy, that means the building height and the roof structure, it does not matter if L1G or L1R images are used. © Authors 2018. CC BY 4.0 License

Upper Paleolithic Siberian Migrations to the Near East via Silk Road

The micro-blade stone-tool industry produced by the pressure technique that emerged in Siberia during the Late Upper Paleolithic Age, spread over wide areas in Eurasia. One of these spreading lines was via Silk Road. Micro-blade stone-tool industries traced from Southern Siberia to Northern Afghanistan at the end of the Pleistocene reached Zagros and Eastern Anatolia via Northern Iraq at the beginning of PPN. It is also proven by the results of genetic studies that the traces of migrations from Siberia reached the Near East. It has been calculated that Ancient North Asian peoples have a genetic contribution of 20-25% in the genetic cluster formed by genomes dated to PPN in Zagros region. Therefore, it has been understood that the carriers of the pressure-micro-blade technology which set out from Southern Siberia, are intertwined enough to transfer their genes to the Zagros region. The same situation is true for the Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers genetic cluster. It is well known that the amazing depicted-art and architectural style of the PPN Göbeklitepe Culture in Southeastern Anatolia emerged suddenly without pre-development process. There is no other dominant culture in the immediate vicinity that can lead this interesting development. In this case it should be emphasized that a dominant cultural influence came from outside created the PPN Göbeklitepe Culture by mixing with native Anatolian communities. In the circumstances we should look for the dominant culture candidate among the Ancient North Asian immigration groups that using the pressure technique

Geometric accuracy analysis of worlddem in relation to AW3D30, srtm and aster GDEM2

In a project area close to Istanbul the quality of WorldDEM, AW3D30, SRTM DSM and ASTER GDEM2 have been analyzed in relation to a reference aerial LiDAR DEM and to each other. The random and the systematic height errors have been separated. The absolute offset for all height models in X, Y and Z is within the expectation. The shifts have been respected in advance for a satisfying estimation of the random error component. All height models are influenced by some tilts, different in size. In addition systematic deformations can be seen not influencing the standard deviation too much. The delivery of WorldDEM includes information about the height error map which is based on the interferometric phase errors, and the number and location of coverage's from different orbits. A dependency of the height accuracy from the height error map information and the number of coverage's can be seen, but it is smaller as expected. WorldDEM is more accurate as the other investigated height models and with 10m point spacing it includes more morphologic details, visible at contour lines. The morphologic details are close to the details based on the LiDAR digital surface model (DSM). As usual a dependency of the accuracy from the terrain slope can be seen. In forest areas the canopy definition of InSAR X- and C-band height models as well as for the height models based on optical satellite images is not the same as the height definition by LiDAR. In addition the interferometric phase uncertainty over forest areas is larger. Both effects lead to lower height accuracy in forest areas, also visible in the height error map

MEASUREMENT OF ASH CONTENT OF COALS BY USING 2-µ AND IRON COMPENSATION METHOD

Bu çalışmada iki ayrı yöntemle Türkiye'de üretilen çeşitli linyit ve taşkömürlerinin kül içerikleri ölçüldü. 2-µ Tekniği adı ile anılan ilk yöntemde iki ayrı enerjili X-ışını kullanılarak kömürlerin toplam kütle soğurma katsayıları ölçüldü. Mineral maddenin değişken Fe içeriğinin etkisi demir düzeltme yöntemi ile ortadan kaldırıldı. Ölçülen toplam kütle soğurma katsayıları, demir mineral madde ve kömür maddesinin kütle soğurma katsayıları ile birlikte kullanılarak örneklerin kül içerikleri tayin edildi. İkinci yöntemle kömürler yakılarak kül içerikleri kimyasal yoldan belirlendi ve nükleer teknikle bulunan değerler %1sapma ile çok iyi uygunluk içinde olduğu gözlendi. Ash contents of several lignite and bituminous coals produced in Turkey have been measured by means of two different techniques. In the first technique called 2-µ method, total mass absorption coefficients of the coals were measured using X-ray of two different energies. The effect of variable content of Fe in mineral matter was removed by iron compensation method. The measured total mass absorption coefficients were used together with the mass absorption coefficients of coal matter and iron to determine the ash content of samples. In the second technique ash concentrations of coals were measured by a chemical method based on burning the samples. The results were compared with those of nuclear method. The values obtained in two methods were found to be in a very good agreement with accuracy of 1 % .The results were also consistent with the ash levels given in the literature for the same samples

Controlling transmembrane protein concentration and orientation in supported lipid bilayers

The trans-membrane protein – proteorhodopsin (pR) has been incorporated into supported lipid bilayers (SLB). In-plane electric fields have been used to manipulate the orientation and concentration of these proteins, within the SLB, through electrophoresis leading to a 25-fold increase concentration of pR

Lipids modulate the conformational dynamics of a secondary multidrug transporter

Direct interactions with lipids have emerged as key determinants of the folding, structure and function of membrane proteins, but an understanding of how lipids modulate protein dynamics is still lacking. Here, we systematically explored the effects of lipids on the conformational dynamics of the proton-powered multidrug transporter LmrP from Lactococcus lactis, using the pattern of distances between spin-label pairs previously shown to report on alternating access of the protein. We uncovered, at the molecular level, how the lipid headgroups shape the conformational-energy landscape of the transporter. The model emerging from our data suggests a direct interaction between lipid headgroups and a conserved motif of charged residues that control the conformational equilibrium through an interplay of electrostatic interactions within the protein. Together, our data lay the foundation for a comprehensive model of secondary multidrug transport in lipid bilayers