Identification of host odour attractants for tsetse flies. Final report 1986-1990

Tsetse flies, Glossina spp., are blood-feeding insects and vectors of trypanosomes, microorganisms which cause sleeping sickness in man and a similar disease, "nagana" in domestic animals. The economic importance of trypanosomiasis is the constraint it imposes on orderly rural development in Africa, leading to under-exploitation of infested land and over-exploitation and degradation of trypanosomiasis-free areas. Traps and targets which attract tsetse flies and kill them could provide environmentally-acceptable, appropriate technology for monitoring and control of tsetse in Africa. Unbaited devices providing only visual attraction have proved effective in monitoring and control of riverine species of tsetse, but not the savannah species found in the fly belt of Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe covered by the EDF Regional Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Project (RTTCP). Previously, collaborative was begun between glossinologists of the Zimbabwe Department of Veterinary Services (DVS) and UK Tsetse Research Laboratory (TRL) and chemists at NRI. This brought together the experience of the DVS in the field, the experience of TRL in laboratory bioassay work, and the experience of NRI in using gas chromatography linked to electroantennography (GC-EAG) and chemical techniques to detect and identify insect behaviour-modifying chemicals. Tsetse attractants produced by host animals were identified and synthesised, and dispensing systems for these compounds devised. Traps and targets impregnated with insecticide, baited with these lures were shown to provide effective control of the savannah tsetse species, G. pallidipes and G. m. morsitans

The Yira cold war: secessionism, authority and imagined futures in the Uganda-Congo borderlands

This thesis examines secessionist sympathy and activity in the borderlands of Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo, which stems from the historical legacy of the secessionist Rwenzururu Movement. The Rwenzururu Movement led to a quasi-independent, albeit unrecognised, kingdom-state in the Rwenzori mountains from the 1960s-1980s, led by the charismatic “king” and "president" Isaiah Mukirania. Today, many Bayira people (a name that refers to the cultural unity between the Bakonzo of Uganda and the Banande of Congo) continue to aspire to, and act towards the creation of a Yira State. This thesis contends that understanding a secessionist movement requires a dual emphasis on the construction of the "nation" as a community with a shared and idealised identity, and on the "state", the apparatus of governance itself. This is because the realm of state "politics" is viewed as an amoral domain of ruthless, individualist power grabs, a realm that is intrinsically threatening to the moral identity of the national body. This dual moral association reflects more broadly onto the behaviours and products associated with the "cultural" or the "foreign", the former being moral and in need of revival, and the latter being morally circumspect, but nevertheless necessary to the political and technological transformation that they desire for their futuristically imagined nation-state. The thesis follows the construction of these two domains by myriad authority figures, and examines how the Bayira tactically manage the opportunities and dangers associated with combining these morally antonymic but mutually dependent domains. This pattern is analysed through an adaptation of Ekeh's (1975) "two publics" theory. This case demonstrates that for all the weaknesses assumed of the nation-state in the 21st Century, it continues to be a desirable imaginable construct for self-determination, yet remains susceptible to local adaptations

Storytelling in heritage tourism: an exploration of co-creative experiences from a tourist perspective

Heritage attractions and museums are under pressure to adapt to the needs of experience-seeking tourists. If they are to remain competitive, managers must acknowledge the visitor’s role as a co-creator and facilitate heritage experiences that privilege co-creation between the experience provider and consumer. Storytelling has been posited as a co-creative tool that increases consumer engagement and leads to memorable tourist experiences. As such, storytelling presents itself as an accessible and effective way to offer experiences that are more aligned with the expectations of the modern heritage tourist. However, a lack of knowledge exists regarding storytelling’s definition, implementation, and impact in heritage tourism settings. This work addresses these problems by identifying the various elements of heritage storytelling, providing a practical example of how these elements can be implemented in a real service context, and evaluating the impact of storytelling on visitors. Based on a review of the literature, the author created an experimental methodological framework that breaks down heritage storytelling into its various elements. Using this framework, a “storytelling tour” was designed and implemented at the Islamic Museum of Tavira. This tour was then tested on three groups of participants, who then participated in focus groups to share their thoughts on the storytelling experience. Focus group data was analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis in NVivo. Data analysis revealed that, overall, participants received the “storytelling tour” positively. Regarding storytelling’s impact on the visitor’s experience, three central themes were identified: emotional engagement, imagination, and memorability. Participants also made suggestions as to how the experience could have been improved considering factors of authenticity and participation. These findings solidify storytelling’s relevance in heritage tourism contexts, as well as offer a preliminary guide as to how to implement storytelling in the experience design of a heritage attraction or museum.Na Economia de Experiência, os museus e demais atrações de cariz histórico e patrimonial sentem a necessidade de se adaptar a um novo tipo de turista que busca novas experiências. No sentido de assegurarem a sua competitividade, é imperativo que entendam que o turista, hoje, é co-criador da sua própria experiência e, por conseguinte, que a sua oferta deve integrar oportunidades de co-criação do turista. A investigação recente tem evidenciado a importância da co-criação e o seu contributo para o sucesso das organizações; todavia, não há ainda uma metodologia consensual que considere a especificidade dos museus e outras atrações patrimoniais. Uma das estratégias co-criativas de maior sucesso é o storytelling. Esta abordagem é acessível em termos de implementação e económicos, e proporciona experiências memoráveis. Como tal, o storytelling é uma ferramenta que os museus e outras atrações patrimoniais podem implementar de modo a estar alinhados com as espectativas do turista moderno. No entanto, em termos práticos, existem lacunas quanto à própria definição de storytelling, acerca de como de ser implementado e mesmo quanto ao seu impacto no turismo patrimonial. O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para ultrapassar esta lacuna através da identificação concreta de problemas relativos a este tema que se identificam na literatura, assim como na aplicação experimental do storytelling num contexto museológico, com a subsequente avaliação do seu impacto ao nível da experiência do turista. A proposta experimental foi elaborada com base numa revisão crítica da literatura e aplica o storytelling num contexto museológico. Para tal, foi criada e implementada uma visita guiada com o recurso ao storytelling no Museu Islâmico de Tavira. A visita foi realizada em três momentos e em que três grupos de participantes voluntários participaram. Subsequentemente estes particioantes partilharam as suas percepções em contexto de focus group após a visita. Com os dados extraídos dos focus groups foi elaborada uma análise temática reflexiva com recurso ao software NVivo. Os resultados da análise revelaram uma apreciação positiva do storytelling por parte dos participantes. Concretamente, demonstraram alguma surpresa quanto ao papel das histórias na visita, as quais tornaram a experiência mais memorável e interessante. No que diz respeito ao impacto da abordagem através do storytelling na experiência dos participantes, foram identificados três temas principais: ligação emocional, imaginação e memorabilidade. Em suma, esta abordagem providenciou a cada participante uma experiência que foi estimulante, na imaginação e emocionalmente, e proporcionou uma experiência memorável. O resultado final foi uma experiência co-criativa que efetivamente permitiu o visitante criar uma ligação, pessoal e educativa, ao património, portanto muito contraste em relação à oferta tendencialmente estática providenciada por este tipo de atrações turísticas. Outro aspeto importante no estudo foi a contribuição dos participantes na forma de sugestões acerca de como melhorar a experiência de storytelling, em particular, no que diz respeito aos temas de autenticidade e participação ativa na experiência. Em concreto, na sua grande maioria, os participantes sugeriram que a visita integrasse mais elementos que ligassem o passado ao modo de vida atual na cidade de Tavira, de modo a entender a herança cultural que perdurou até aos dias de hoje. Outros elementos que foram sugeridos de modo a melhorar a experiência foram o recurso a tecnologias e atividades interativas. De um modo geral, os resultados deste estudo corroboram os de estudos anteriores, em especial, no que diz respeito à relevância da inclusão do storytelling no turismo histórico-cultural e patrimonial. Este estudo oferece ainda um guia preliminar sobre como se implementar estratégias de storytelling nestes contextos. Ainda que tenha sido desenvolvido e completado com sucesso, este trabalho apresenta limitações. Destacam-se, em especial, inúmeras limitações criadas pela conjuntura atual da pandemia de Covid-19. A conjuntura levou a que houvesse constantes e imprevisíveis limitações na realização do programa experimental, tanto a nível de marcação de datas, como no número de participantes disponíveis para participar no estudo. Estes constrangimentos tiveram inevitavelmente um impacto negativo na quantidade de informação e dados gerados por cada visita. Consequentemente, em termos metodológicos, os resultados deste trabalho apresenta limitações em termos de validade, transferibilidade e replicabilidade. Contudo, o estudo realizado permitiu obter um conjunto importante de resultados que contribuem não só para a literatura e também para monumentos e/ou museus que considerem implementar estratégias de storytelling na sua oferta. Este trabalho providencia não só um exemplo de implementação destas estratégias que não tem custos financeiros, como também da reação que pode ser esperada por parte dos turistas que visitem estas atrações turísticas. Este contributo é bastante relevante pela crescente necessidade de sustentar a posição competitiva no mercado das atrações turísticas ligadas ao património. Tal afigura-se de particular relevância numa altura em que os turistas cada vez mais procuram experiências que os marquem. Outro contributo importante deste estudo é que abre vias de investigação futura, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à necessidade de uma revisão sistemática e exaustiva da literatura com o objetivo de identificar todos os possíveis elementos de storytelling que possam ser implementados em contexto de turismo patrimonial. Estudos futuros poderão ainda optar por uma abordagem experimental em conjunto com uma análise de dados quantitativa de modo a inferir uma relação de causa e efeito entre storytelling e outros elementos da experiência da visita na perspetiva do turista em contextos de turismo patrimonial. Tendo estes pontos em consideração, realça-se a originalidade deste trabalho na sua visão exaustiva de como estratégias de storytelling podem ser implementados em contextos de atrações de turismo patrimonial, bem como na avaliação de como estas estratégias têm impacto do ponto de vista do turista

Organization theory and military metaphor: time for a reappraisal?

A ‘conventional’ use of military metaphor would use it to convey attributes such as hierarchical organization, vertical communication and limited autonomy. This is often used in contrast to a looser form of organization based on the metaphor of the network. However, this article argues that military practice is more complex, with examples of considerable autonomy within the constraints of central direction. It is suggested that not only might this be a more useful metaphor for many contemporary organizations, but also that simplistic uses of military metaphor divert our attention away from the functions that management hierarchies play. The discussion is embedded within a critical realist account of metaphor, arguing for both its value and the need for its further development

The relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction in Missouri public school teachers in 2023

Teacher recruitment and retention is a pressing issue in Missouri schools, and an increased understanding of why teachers are committed to their school districts may improve the efforts to remedy this problem. This quantitative study investigated the relationship between the organizational commitment and job satisfaction of K-12 public school teachers in Missouri in 2023. Teachers were surveyed on their level of job satisfaction using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire, and organizational commitment was measured using the Three-Component Model Employee Commitment Survey (TCM). In a sample of 342 teachers, the overall level of job satisfaction was near "satisfied." Teachers were least satisfied with their pay and the way policies were put into practice and were most satisfied with their job security and opportunities to assist others. The TCM examines three domains of commitment: affective (AC), normative (NC), and continuance (CC). In this study, the domain with the highest commitment score was AC, followed by CC, and lastly, NC, showing that teachers were committed to their school district because of desire or necessity rather than obligation. The relationship between teachers' job satisfaction and their commitment profile was measured with a chi-square test. The fully committed and AC-NC-dominant profiles were more likely to be "very satisfied" than "satisfied" or "somewhat satisfied" with their jobs. The AC-CC profile was more likely to be "satisfied" than "somewhat satisfied"; the CC-dominant profile was more likely to be "somewhat satisfied" than "very satisfied"; and the uncommitted profile was more likely to be "somewhat satisfied" than either "satisfied" or "very satisfied." Further research on the benefits of various commitment profiles in public school teachers may improve teacher retention.Includes bibliographical references

Counter-Insurgency against ‘kith and kin’?: the British Army in Northern Ireland, 1970–76

This article argues that state violence in Northern Ireland during the period 1970–1976—when violence during the Troubles was at its height and before the re-introduction of the policy of police primacy in 1976—was on a greatly reduced scale from that seen in British counterinsurgency campaigns in the colonies after the Second World War. When the army attempted to introduce measures used in the colonies—curfews, internment without trial—these proved to be extremely damaging to London's political aims in Northern Ireland, namely the conciliation of the Catholic minority within the United Kingdom and the defeat of the IRA. However, the insistence by William Whitelaw, secretary of state for Northern Ireland (1972–73), on ‘throttling back'—the release of internees and the imposition of unprecedented restrictions on the use of violence by the army—put a serious strain on civil-military relations in Northern Ireland. The relatively stagnant nature of the conflict—with units taking casualties in the same small ‘patch’ of territory without opportunities for the types of ‘positive actions’ seen in the colonies—led to some deviancy on the part of small infantry units who sought informal, unsanctioned ways of taking revenge upon the local population. Meanwhile, a disbelieving and defensive attitude at senior levels of command in Northern Ireland meant that informal punitive actions against the local population were often not properly investigated during 1970–72, until more thorough civilian and military investigative procedures were put in place. Finally, a separation of ethnic and cultural identity between the soldiers and the local population—despite their being citizens of the same state—became professionally desirable in order for soldiers to carry out difficult, occasionally distasteful work

Examining the Mediating Role of Challenge and Threat Appraisal Tendencies on the Relationships Between Mastery Imagery Ability, Perceived Stress and Proactive Coping

Given the associations between mastery imagery ability, challenge and threat appraisal tendencies, perceived stress and proactive coping, and the implications for health, this research utilised a two-study approach to assess these associations and was the first study to examine whether appraisal states had a mediating role on the relationships of mastery imagery ability with perceived stress and proactive coping. Study 1 used a sample of 148 participants (M age = 22.52, SD = 4.36 years) and Study 2 used a sample of 338 participants (M age = 19.26, SD = 1.58 years). Participants completed online questionnaires measuring mastery imagery ability, challenge and threat appraisal tendencies, perceived stress, and proactive coping. In Study 1, only threat appraisal mediated the relationship between mastery imagery ability and perceived stress. However, both challenge and threat appraisal mediated the relationship between mastery imagery ability and proactive coping. Study 2 results showed challenge appraisal also mediated these relationships, but threat appraisal played no mediating role. Both studies demonstrate the important mediatory role of stress appraisal states, and the role they can have in regulating stress, but further research is warranted to establish when one stress appraisal may mediate the relationship over the other

Troubling times for the Rwenzururu Kingdom in Western Uganda

Eleanor Beevor and Kristof Titeca provide an overview on the standoff between the Rwenzuru Kingdom and the Uganda government

City Energy Demand Simulation (CEDS) Feasibility Study

CEDS - The City Energy Demand Simulation - provides cities and local authorities with the means to visualise future energy demand (including gas and electricity) for any geographic area ranging from a street, to a district, to the city itself, including both residential and industrial/commercial energy demand.CEDS allows planners and decision makers to easily visualise the impacts of alternative demand and supply side energy investment strategies on overall energy costs, emissions, and fuel poverty levels. This will be important for cities and planners because the innovative features of CEDS will enable planners to understand the impacts of new energy technology deployments on the energy demand of buildings. - CEDS can demonstrate the relative economic and environmental attractiveness of local energy supply schemes such as district heating combined with power versus importing electricity from the grid; - CEDS can illuminate the impacts of technology deployment by social geography within the city boundaries Therefore, CEDS will allow cities and local authorities to clearly identify how to deploy limited capital budgets to greatest effect when developing low carbon, cost effective local energy infrastructure. By modelling future demand, supply and cost scenarios, cities will be able to prioritise the development of local energy assets, such as district heating networks, energy from waste, retrofit and new build locations. CEDS will enable cities to understand how they can deliver on their priorities for ensuring there are cost effective locations for business and industry, with a secure supply, whilst also helping tackle fuel poverty and reducing carbon emissions and energy costs